摘要：介紹分析剩余電(dian)流(liu)式電(dian)氣火災監控系(xi)(xi)統的特點、組成、設(she)(she)計(ji)依據、監控原理和實施方(fang)案，并(bing)結合上海市某大廈工程設(she)(she)計(ji)實例探討該系(xi)(xi)統在高層建筑中的設(she)(she)置要求和應(ying)用方(fang)式，供設(she)(she)計(ji)人員參考(kao)。

關鍵詞：高層建筑；漏電(dian)(dian)火災；剩余電(dian)(dian)流式電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)火災監控(kong)系統；設計應用

0引言

近年隨(sui)著(zhu)各(ge)種先進及(ji)復雜的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)力(li)設(she)備及(ji)設(she)施(shi)在(zai)高(gao)(gao)層建筑中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)廣泛應(ying)用，使(shi)人(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)工作效率及(ji)生活(huo)質量得到了很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)改善和(he)提高(gao)(gao)。但由于(yu)各(ge)種原(yuan)因(yin)，電(dian)力(li)設(she)備及(ji)設(she)施(shi)在(zai)使(shi)用中(zhong)(zhong)也存在(zai)不少問題和(he)風(feng)險(xian)，有(you)時甚至可能是災(zai)(zai)難性的(de)(de)(de)。根據《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)火(huo)(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai)統計(ji)年鑒》統計(ji)，因(yin)電(dian)力(li)設(she)備及(ji)設(she)施(shi)在(zai)使(shi)用過程中(zhong)(zhong)造(zao)成的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)氣(qi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai)占全國(guo)火(huo)(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai)總(zong)數的(de)(de)(de)近30%，火(huo)(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai)給人(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)生活(huo)、生產、生命(ming)和(he)財(cai)產造(zao)成了相當大(da)的(de)(de)(de)損失，而漏電(dian)引起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai)又是電(dian)氣(qi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)主要原(yuan)因(yin)，因(yin)此對漏電(dian)火(huo)(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)起(qi)因(yin)及(ji)監(jian)控進行(xing)研(yan)究具有(you)重(zhong)要意(yi)義。為此本(ben)文結合工程設(she)計(ji)實例對電(dian)氣(qi)火(huo)(huo)(huo)災(zai)(zai)監(jian)控系統及(ji)其在(zai)高(gao)(gao)層建筑中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用進行(xing)探討。

1漏電火災及其成因

1.1漏電火災

漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)火災是指當漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發生(sheng)時(shi)(shi)，供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路漏(lou)泄的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流在流入大地(di)途(tu)中，遇電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻較(jiao)大的(de)部位時(shi)(shi)會產生(sheng)局(ju)部高溫，致使附近(jin)(jin)的(de)可(ke)燃(ran)物(wu)著(zhu)火，從(cong)而引(yin)起(qi)火災。此外(wai)，在漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)故障點產生(sheng)的(de)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)火花或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)，也同樣(yang)可(ke)以引(yin)燃(ran)附近(jin)(jin)的(de)可(ke)燃(ran)物(wu)造成火災。

1.2漏(lou)電火(huo)災(zai)的成因

⑴由漏電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流引起的火(huo)災。因供電(dian)(dian)線路通常(chang)會有接觸(chu)不實的情況，似接而(er)非(fei)接而(er)形成漏電(dian)(dian)故障(zhang)點(dian)(dian)，并導致接觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)較(jiao)大，使(shi)過負荷保護裝置難以動作，而(er)且會在漏電(dian)(dian)故障(zhang)點(dian)(dian)處產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)弧。據實測，即使(shi)只有0.5A的電(dian)(dian)流產生(sheng)的電(dian)(dian)弧溫度也可達2000℃以上，足以引燃(ran)漏電(dian)(dian)故障(zhang)點(dian)(dian)附(fu)近(jin)可燃(ran)物造(zao)成火(huo)災。

⑵由零(ling)線(xian)或(huo)地線(xian)在接線(xian)端子(zi)處連(lian)接不實引(yin)(yin)起(qi)的(de)火災。這(zhe)會(hui)導(dao)致電(dian)(dian)阻過大，然(ran)而(er)被(bei)供電(dian)(dian)設備依然(ran)會(hui)正常(chang)工作不受影響，故漏電(dian)(dian)故障點不易被(bei)發現。一(yi)旦漏電(dian)(dian)發生，由于故障點接頭松動或(huo)被(bei)腐蝕(shi)等原因(yin)導(dao)致出現高(gao)阻，連(lian)接端子(zi)處會(hui)引(yin)(yin)起(qi)高(gao)溫或(huo)電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)，從而(er)引(yin)(yin)燃漏電(dian)(dian)故障點附近可(ke)燃物造成火災。

（3）由(you)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)引(yin)起的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)災(zai)。在漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)持(chi)續(xu)發生后(hou)，由(you)于電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)不能流(liu)(liu)散，導(dao)致阻(zu)力小的(de)(de)(de)另一(yi)回(hui)路通地，沿保護接零(ling)線（接地線）傳導(dao)使所有與之(zhi)相連(lian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)裝置的(de)(de)(de)金屬外(wai)殼帶(dai)有對地電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，并向(xiang)鄰近(jin)低(di)電(dian)(dian)位的(de)(de)(de)供曖管、燃(ran)氣(qi)管等(deng)金屬構件(jian)飛弧(hu)從而成為起火(huo)源(yuan)，即使僅有20V的(de)(de)(de)維持(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)都可使電(dian)(dian)弧(hu)連(lian)續(xu)發生，從而引(yin)燃(ran)附近(jin)可燃(ran)物造成火(huo)災(zai)。

⑷由零線(xian)(xian)或(huo)地(di)線(xian)(xian)的線(xian)(xian)徑(jing)選(xuan)擇過小(xiao)引(yin)(yin)起的火災(zai)。因零線(xian)(xian)或(huo)地(di)線(xian)(xian)的線(xian)(xian)徑(jing)選(xuan)擇過小(xiao)，當(dang)通過較大的漏電電流時，會引(yin)(yin)起導(dao)線(xian)(xian)的溫(wen)度不(bu)斷升高，甚至引(yin)(yin)起導(dao)線(xian)(xian)的絕緣體發生燃燒，從而(er)引(yin)(yin)燃導(dao)線(xian)(xian)附近(jin)可燃物火災(zai)。

2剩余(yu)電(dian)流式(shi)電(dian)氣(qi)火災監控系統原(yuan)理與應(ying)用

2.1系統特點

在(zai)(zai)高層(ceng)建(jian)筑中，保障防(fang)火(huo)安全的消防(fang)電(dian)子系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)主(zhu)要由火(huo)災(zai)自(zi)(zi)動報(bao)警系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)剩余電(dian)流式(shi)電(dian)氣(qi)火(huo)災(zai)監(jian)控(kong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)組成，它(ta)們分別承擔(dan)不同的任務且相互獨立，其(qi)關系(xi)(xi)(xi)和(he)區別見(jian)表1。可(ke)見(jian)，在(zai)(zai)高層(ceng)建(jian)筑中采用的剩余電(dian)流式(shi)電(dian)氣(qi)火(huo)災(zai)監(jian)控(kong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，其(qi)特點在(zai)(zai)于漏電(dian)監(jian)控(kong)方(fang)面屬(shu)于早期預報(bao)警系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，與火(huo)災(zai)自(zi)(zi)動報(bao)警系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)不同的是，電(dian)氣(qi)火(huo)災(zai)監(jian)控(kong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)可(ke)以(yi)在(zai)(zai)火(huo)災(zai)發生前報(bao)警，從而(er)避免損失，而(er)火(huo)災(zai)自(zi)(zi)動報(bao)警系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)只能在(zai)(zai)確認火(huo)災(zai)發生后減少(shao)損失。

表1火災(zai)(zai)自動報警系統和剩余電(dian)流式電(dian)氣火災(zai)(zai)監控系統的關(guan)系和區別

2.2設計依據

近年來我(wo)國為加強電氣火災防范的監控力度，相(xiang)繼制訂(ding)或(huo)修改了相(xiang)關第13.12篇規定了防火剩余電流動作報警系統設計(ji)應滿足(zu)的要求。

2.3系統構成

剩(sheng)(sheng)余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣火災監(jian)控(kong)(kong)系統由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣火災監(jian)控(kong)(kong)裝置、剩(sheng)(sheng)余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣火災監(jian)控(kong)(kong)探(tan)(tan)測(ce)(ce)器(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)及測(ce)(ce)溫(wen)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣火災監(jian)控(kong)(kong)探(tan)(tan)測(ce)(ce)器(qi)(qi)(qi)等3個*基本的設備(bei)組成(cheng)。其中火災監(jian)控(kong)(kong)探(tan)(tan)測(ce)(ce)器(qi)(qi)(qi)又由(you)監(jian)控(kong)(kong)探(tan)(tan)測(ce)(ce)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)剩(sheng)(sheng)余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)互感(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)（分對(dui)插式(shi)、閉合式(shi)兩(liang)種(zhong)）組成(cheng)，而測(ce)(ce)溫(wen)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣火災監(jian)控(kong)(kong)探(tan)(tan)測(ce)(ce)器(qi)(qi)(qi)由(you)監(jian)控(kong)(kong)探(tan)(tan)測(ce)(ce)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)測(ce)(ce)溫(wen)傳感(gan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)組成(cheng)。

2.4監控原理

漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)監控(kong)(kong)報警主(zhu)要(yao)是利用裝在(zai)被(bei)監控(kong)(kong)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)剩(sheng)(sheng)余(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)互(hu)(hu)感器檢測線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)來實(shi)現。剩(sheng)(sheng)余(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)互(hu)(hu)感器本質上(shang)是一個高靈敏的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)互(hu)(hu)感器，它能(neng)檢測出(chu)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路上(shang)小到(dao)幾毫(hao)安或(huo)(huo)十幾毫(hao)安的(de)(de)(de)(de)微小漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，而漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)檢測則(ze)是依據剩(sheng)(sheng)余(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)原(yuan)理(li)(li)來確定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。當配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路中3條相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)(he)1條零線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)共同穿過剩(sheng)(sheng)余(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)互(hu)(hu)感器的(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵芯線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)時，在(zai)正常情況(kuang)下它們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)矢量(liang)和(he)(he)為(wei)零，則(ze)互(hu)(hu)感器的(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)不會感應(ying)(ying)出(chu)任何電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)；但當任何一條相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)或(huo)(huo)者零線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)一部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)在(zai)互(hu)(hu)感器之(zhi)后分流(liu)(liu)(liu)到(dao)大(da)地(di)（即漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)），此時在(zai)互(hu)(hu)感器處它們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)矢量(liang)和(he)(he)就不為(wei)零了，而互(hu)(hu)感器的(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)也就感應(ying)(ying)出(chu)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，故稱為(wei)剩(sheng)(sheng)余(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)。把檢測到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)剩(sheng)(sheng)余(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)處理(li)(li)后與監控(kong)(kong)裝置設定(ding)值進行(xing)比較(jiao)，一旦達(da)到(dao)和(he)(he)超過設定(ding)值，與剩(sheng)(sheng)余(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)互(hu)(hu)感器連(lian)接的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)火災(zai)監控(kong)(kong)探測器即發出(chu)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)報警，并(bing)同時輸出(chu)脫扣跳閘信號(hao)切斷相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)故障(zhang)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)源。漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)檢測如圖1。

2.5實施方案

通(tong)過在被監控(kong)電(dian)(dian)力配電(dian)(dian)線路主(zhu)開關下方安裝剩余電(dian)(dian)流式(shi)電(dian)(dian)氣火災探(tan)測器和剩余電(dian)(dian)流互感器，并通(tong)過信(xin)號總線實(shi)(shi)現與電(dian)(dian)氣火災監控(kong)主(zhu)機間(jian)的(de)信(xin)息通(tong)訊來實(shi)(shi)現對電(dian)(dian)氣火災的(de)監控(kong)，如圖(tu)2。

根(gen)據工程設計的(de)實際需要，監控(kong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)可在(zai)整(zheng)個電力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)任何一條配(pei)電線路(lu)上安裝(zhuang)，并承擔對(dui)安裝(zhuang)節點以下的(de)相關電氣線路(lu)和(he)設備的(de)漏電監控(kong)報(bao)(bao)警(jing)，起到脫扣跳(tiao)閘保護(hu)的(de)作(zuo)用。同時也(ye)能根(gen)據電力(li)設計的(de)需要而組成二級或多級監控(kong)實施保護(hu)，并實現在(zai)相應(ying)線路(lu)漏電故(gu)障報(bao)(bao)警(jing)時有選擇性地(di)脫扣跳(tiao)閘保護(hu)。

3工程設置與實例

3.1設置要求

JGJ16-2008《民(min)用(yong)建筑電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設(she)計規范》第13.12.3條規定：采用(yong)獨立型剩(sheng)余電(dian)(dian)(dian)流動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)報(bao)警(jing)(jing)(jing)器(qi)且點數較(jiao)少時(shi)，可(ke)(ke)自行組(zu)成系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)亦可(ke)(ke)采用(yong)編(bian)碼模(mo)塊接入火災(zai)(zai)(zai)自動(dong)(dong)報(bao)警(jing)(jing)(jing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)，報(bao)警(jing)(jing)(jing)點位號在(zai)火災(zai)(zai)(zai)報(bao)警(jing)(jing)(jing)器(qi)上(shang)顯示應區別于火災(zai)(zai)(zai)探測器(qi)編(bian)號。可(ke)(ke)見剩(sheng)余電(dian)(dian)(dian)流動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)報(bao)警(jing)(jing)(jing)器(qi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)火災(zai)(zai)(zai)監(jian)控(kong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)應用(yong)中應獨立配置，并能自行組(zu)成系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)或作(zuo)為火災(zai)(zai)(zai)自動(dong)(dong)報(bao)警(jing)(jing)(jing)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)一個子系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)力配電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)因漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)(ke)能引發的(de)(de)火災(zai)(zai)(zai)實施(shi)監(jian)控(kong)報(bao)警(jing)(jing)(jing)。

系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)設置(zhi)主要(yao)要(yao)求(qiu)如下(xia)：①具有預(yu)警(jing)功能，能在被監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)參(can)數發生異常但未達到監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)報(bao)警(jing)值前發出(chu)(chu)預(yu)報(bao)警(jing)信(xin)號；②系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)設計以(yi)(yi)(yi)漏(lou)電監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)保(bao)(bao)護為(wei)主，而(er)以(yi)(yi)(yi)接觸式測溫作為(wei)輔助手段對配(pei)電線路電纜實時(shi)溫度(du)監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)；③系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)點(dian)(dian)主要(yao)設置(zhi)在第1級大容量(liang)配(pei)電出(chu)(chu)線回路上；④一般(ban)采(cai)(cai)用報(bao)警(jing)不脫(tuo)扣(kou)跳(tiao)(tiao)閘，只有在需立(li)即(ji)切斷電源(yuan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)保(bao)(bao)障安全的(de)(de)(de)場所才采(cai)(cai)用監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)報(bao)警(jing)時(shi)輸出(chu)(chu)脫(tuo)扣(kou)信(xin)號跳(tiao)(tiao)閘，此(ci)外對過(guo)載和溫度(du)的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)只作用于報(bao)警(jing)，不聯動(dong)(dong)(dong)主開關跳(tiao)(tiao)閘；⑤在低壓配(pei)電的(de)(de)(de)2、3級配(pei)電系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)中，對漏(lou)電報(bao)警(jing)有分級監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)要(yao)求(qiu)且要(yao)采(cai)(cai)取自動(dong)(dong)(dong)跳(tiao)(tiao)閘的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)護對象，如網吧(ba)、KTV等場所，需以(yi)(yi)(yi)不同的(de)(de)(de)脫(tuo)扣(kou)延時(shi)來(lai)獲取自動(dong)(dong)(dong)跳(tiao)(tiao)閘的(de)(de)(de)選擇性，而(er)上下(xia)級延時(shi)時(shi)階不宜小于0.5s；⑥系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)節(jie)(jie)點(dian)(dian)少于16點(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)小規模(mo)工程可(ke)不配(pei)置(zhi)獨(du)立(li)主機和信(xin)號總線，應(ying)選用獨(du)立(li)型剩余電流監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)探(tan)測器(qi)，通過(guo)火災自動(dong)(dong)(dong)報(bao)警(jing)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)編碼模(mo)塊(kuai)將各監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)節(jie)(jie)點(dian)(dian)信(xin)號接入火災自動(dong)(dong)(dong)報(bao)警(jing)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)。

3.2工程設計實例

筆(bi)者(zhe)負責設計的(de)上海(hai)市某(mou)大(da)廈項目(mu)，總(zong)建筑面積46456m2，地(di)下(xia)2層，主(zhu)要(yao)為車庫、各種機房(fang)、庫房(fang)，地(di)上主(zhu)樓(lou)(lou)29層，裙樓(lou)(lou)9層，主(zhu)要(yao)為會議室、餐廳(ting)、辦公用房(fang)等(deng)。建筑主(zhu)體(ti)高(gao)度116.3m，結(jie)構形式(shi)為混凝土(tu)框架，屬(shu)于一(yi)類建筑。根據GB50116-98《火(huo)災自動報警(jing)(jing)系統設計規(gui)(gui)范》第1點的(de)規(gui)(gui)定，本工程(cheng)應設置防(fang)火(huo)剩余電(dian)(dian)流動作報警(jing)(jing)系統。因此在(zai)下(xia)列電(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)路或(huo)設備處進(jin)行了監控點配(pei)(pei)置：①變電(dian)(dian)所低壓配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)重(zhong)要(yao)出線(xian)回路；②樓(lou)(lou)層和(he)地(di)下(xia)車庫防(fang)火(huo)分區照明干線(xian)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)箱(xiang)的(de)進(jin)線(xian)總(zong)開(kai)關(guan)；③應急(ji)照明區域(yu)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)箱(xiang)或(huo)樓(lou)(lou)層干線(xian)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)箱(xiang)的(de)總(zong)開(kai)關(guan)；④消防(fang)水泵、消防(fang)風機、消防(fang)電(dian)(dian)梯等(deng)重(zhong)要(yao)消防(fang)負荷(he)的(de)電(dian)(dian)源配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)箱(xiang)總(zong)開(kai)關(guan)；⑤客梯、空調、風機等(deng)一(yi)般電(dian)(dian)力(li)干線(xian)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)箱(xiang)的(de)總(zong)開(kai)關(guan)；⑥廚房(fang)等(deng)火(huo)災危(wei)險性大(da)的(de)場所配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)箱(xiang)的(de)總(zong)開(kai)關(guan)。

本工程(cheng)剩余電(dian)(dian)流(liu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)氣火災(zai)(zai)監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)統(tong)對在(zai)火災(zai)(zai)時仍需保持(chi)供電(dian)(dian)的消防(fang)(fang)設(she)備、應急照明及其(qi)它不允許停電(dian)(dian)的供電(dian)(dian)線路(lu)(lu)只設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)作用于報(bao)警不輸出脫扣信號的監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)節點。而(er)在(zai)同一配(pei)電(dian)(dian)箱柜內多(duo)路(lu)(lu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)干線首(shou)端的監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)節點采用了(le)具有多(duo)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)功能的設(she)備。本系(xi)統(tong)的多(duo)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)能在(zai)一個(ge)(ge)共用的監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)器上實現對多(duo)個(ge)(ge)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)的監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)參(can)數顯示、操作、設(she)定(ding)和報(bao)警等功能。本監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)統(tong)主(zhu)機設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)于首(shou)層的消防(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)室(shi)，以(yi)獨(du)立子系(xi)統(tong)形式(shi)通(tong)(tong)過RS485通(tong)(tong)信接(jie)口與(yu)火災(zai)(zai)自(zi)動報(bao)警系(xi)統(tong)主(zhu)機實現連接(jie)，其(qi)消防(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)室(shi)平(ping)面布(bu)置(zhi)(zhi)及監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)統(tong)分(fen)別(bie)如(ru)圖(tu)3~4所示。另外，本工程(cheng)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)接(jie)地保護采用TN-S系(xi)統(tong)，為保證(zheng)其(qi)與(yu)火災(zai)(zai)監(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)系(xi)統(tong)準確配(pei)合，采用了(le)圖(tu)5的連接(jie)方式(shi)。

3.3剩余電(dian)流報(bao)警動作值的設(she)置

因(yin)監(jian)控節點剩(sheng)(sheng)余(yu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)報(bao)警動(dong)作值能否正(zheng)確選擇關系(xi)到電(dian)(dian)力線路的(de)(de)可靠運行(xing)，是監(jian)控系(xi)統能否起到真正(zheng)預防(fang)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)火災(zai)發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)關鍵。關于(yu)剩(sheng)(sheng)余(yu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)報(bao)警動(dong)作值的(de)(de)設置問題，目前在業界的(de)(de)各(ge)種學(xue)術討論(lun)會和(he)相關技(ji)術文章中有不同提(ti)法，普遍(bian)認(ren)為應是配電(dian)(dian)線路和(he)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)設備正(zheng)常(chang)泄漏電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)2~4倍。JGJ16-2008《民(min)用(yong)建筑電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設計規范》第5.7.5條：“選用(yong)的(de)(de)剩(sheng)(sheng)余(yu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)保(bao)護(hu)裝置的(de)(de)額定剩(sheng)(sheng)余(yu)不動(dong)作電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，應不小于(yu)被保(bao)護(hu)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)線路和(he)設備的(de)(de)正(zheng)常(chang)

運行時(shi)泄(xie)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)*大值(zhi)(zhi)的(de)2倍"以及附錄B的(de)第B.6條：“IΔno定義(yi)為(wei)額定剩(sheng)余(yu)(yu)(yu)動(dong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，額定剩(sheng)余(yu)(yu)(yu)不(bu)(bu)動(dong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)優先值(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)0.5IΔno，如(ru)采(cai)用其他值(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)，應大于(yu)0.5IΔno"的(de)相(xiang)關條文來確(que)定設置。一般情況下，剩(sheng)余(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)報(bao)警動(dong)作值(zhi)(zhi)宜(yi)(yi)為(wei)500mA，當(dang)回(hui)路的(de)自然漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)較大而無法滿(man)足(zu)測量要求時(shi)，宜(yi)(yi)采(cai)用門(men)檻(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)連續(xu)可調的(de)剩(sheng)余(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)動(dong)作報(bao)警器(qi)或分(fen)段報(bao)警方式抵(di)消自然泄(xie)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)影響。因此，筆(bi)者建議剩(sheng)余(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)報(bao)警動(dong)作值(zhi)(zhi)應按不(bu)(bu)小于(yu)正常泄(xie)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)值(zhi)(zhi)的(de)4倍來整定，且不(bu)(bu)應大于(yu)1000mA，這樣設置既可保證剩(sheng)余(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)報(bao)警動(dong)作的(de)可靠性，又可防止固有剩(sheng)余(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)造成的(de)誤報(bao)警。

4 Acre1-6000電氣火(huo)災(zai)監控系統解決方案

Acre1-6000電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣火災(zai)監控系統(tong)(tong)，是根據(ju)中心的消防電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)產(chan)品試驗認證(zheng)，并且(qie)均通過(guo)嚴格(ge)的EMC電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)兼容試驗，保(bao)證(zheng)了(le)該系列產(chan)品在低壓配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)中的安全正常(chang)運行(xing)，現均已(yi)批(pi)量生產(chan)并在全國得(de)到廣泛地(di)應用。該系統(tong)(tong)通過(guo)對(dui)剩余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流、過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流、過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、溫度和(he)故障電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)等信號的采集與監視，實現對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣火災(zai)的早期預防和(he)報(bao)警，當(dang)必要時還能聯動切除(chu)被檢測到剩余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流、溫度和(he)故障電(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)等超標的配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)回路;并根據(ju)用戶的需求，還可以滿足(zu)與AcreIEMS企業微電(dian)(dian)(dian)網管理云(yun)平臺或火災(zai)自動報(bao)警系統(tong)(tong)等進行(xing)數據(ju)交換和(he)共享。

（1）應用場合

適用于智能樓宇、高層公(gong)寓、賓館、飯店、商廈、工(gong)礦企業、國家重點消防單位以及石油(you)化工(gong)、文教衛生、金融、電(dian)信等領域。

（2）系統結構

（3）系統功能

監控設(she)備(bei)能接收多臺探(tan)測(ce)器(qi)的(de)剩余電流、溫度(du)信息，報(bao)警(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)時發出聲、光報(bao)警(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)信號，同(tong)時設(she)備(bei)上紅色(se)“報(bao)警(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)"指(zhi)示燈亮，顯示屏(ping)指(zhi)示報(bao)警(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)部(bu)位(wei)及(ji)報(bao)警(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)類型，記錄報(bao)警(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)時間，聲光報(bao)警(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)一直(zhi)保持，直(zhi)至(zhi)按(an)(an)設(she)備(bei)的(de)“復(fu)位(wei)"按(an)(an)鈕或觸摸屏(ping)的(de)“復(fu)位(wei)"按(an)(an)鍵(jian)遠程對探(tan)測(ce)器(qi)實現復(fu)位(wei)。對于聲音報(bao)警(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)信號也可以使用觸摸屏(ping)“消聲"按(an)(an)鍵(jian)手動消除

當(dang)被監測回路報警時，控制(zhi)輸出繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器閉合，用于控制(zhi)被保護電(dian)(dian)路或其他設備，當(dang)報警消除后，控制(zhi)輸出繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器釋放。

通訊故障報警：當監控設備與所接的任一臺探測器之間發生通訊故障或探測器本身發生故障時，監控畫面中相應的探測器顯示故障提示，同時設備上的黃色“故障"指示燈亮，并發出故障報警聲音。電源故障報警：當主電源或備用電源發生故障時，監控設備也發出聲光報警信號并顯示故障信息，可進入相應的界面查看詳細信息并可解除報警聲

當發生剩余電流、超溫(wen)報警(jing)或(huo)通訊、電源故障(zhang)時，將報警(jing)部位、故障(zhang)信(xin)息(xi)、報警(jing)時間等信(xin)息(xi)存儲在數據(ju)庫中，當報警(jing)解除、排除故障(zhang)時，同樣(yang)予以記錄(lu)。歷史數據(ju)提(ti)供多種便(bian)捷、快速的查詢方法。

（4）配置方案

5結語

隨著(zhu)技(ji)術的不斷進步，剩余電(dian)(dian)(dian)流式電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣火(huo)災監控(kong)系(xi)(xi)統的功能(neng)更(geng)加完備，已(yi)經具備了(le)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)安(an)全管理、控(kong)制、保護、分析(xi)、記錄于一體等智能(neng)化優點(dian)，且已(yi)被廣(guang)泛地應用于智能(neng)小區、大型(xing)商(shang)場(chang)(chang)、醫院(yuan)及公共高層建筑等場(chang)(chang)合進行漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)火(huo)災監控(kong)。同時(shi)(shi)為了(le)能(neng)使剩余電(dian)(dian)(dian)流式電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣火(huo)災監控(kong)系(xi)(xi)統穩定運行，在設計和(he)應用時(shi)(shi)應考慮電(dian)(dian)(dian)力配電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統的特(te)性，選(xuan)用性能(neng)可(ke)靠(kao)和(he)技(ji)術監控(kong)系(xi)(xi)統，這樣就(jiu)能(neng)大幅降(jiang)低相關(guan)應用場(chang)(chang)合的漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)火(huo)災發生率。

安科瑞侯文莉