摘 要：針對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)在(zai)居民小(xiao)區無序(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網系(xi)統產(chan)生嚴重隱患及充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)間時(shi)過長問題，提(ti)出一種采用(yong)延(yan)遲(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)有(you)序(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控制策(ce)略(lve)，并在(zai)分(fen)析(xi)(xi)國(guo)內(nei)外電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)有(you)序(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)研究現狀后，設(she)計了(le)居民小(xiao)區電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)有(you)序(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)策(ce)略(lve)的(de)(de)總(zong)體框架。該策(ce)略(lve)采用(yong)延(yan)遲(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)進(jin)行有(you)序(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控制，通(tong)過計算電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)優(you)先級來確定(ding)用(yong)戶(hu)開(kai)始(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)時(shi)間以保證離(li)開(kai)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)的(de)(de)荷(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態，很大程度達到(dao)用(yong)戶(hu)期望荷(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態。通(tong)過算例仿真(zhen)分(fen)析(xi)(xi)，證明提(ti)出的(de)(de)延(yan)遲(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)策(ce)略(lve)可在(zai)滿足用(yong)戶(hu)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)期望的(de)(de)同時(shi)達到(dao)削峰填谷的(de)(de)作用(yong)。

關鍵詞：電動汽車(che)；有序(xu)充電；延遲(chi)充電；削(xue)峰(feng)填(tian)谷；儲(chu)能

0引言

隨(sui)(sui)著(zhu)世界(jie)經濟的(de)(de)快(kuai)速發展(zhan)和人類對(dui)能(neng)源(yuan)需求的(de)(de)不斷增長，能(neng)源(yuan)被大(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)消耗(hao)，產生(sheng)大(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)環境(jing)污染。機動(dong)(dong)車(che)輛已經成(cheng)為生(sheng)產生(sheng)活中的(de)(de)一(yi)部分(fen)(fen)，使(shi)用燃油(you)車(che)無疑(yi)會(hui)增加(jia) CO2的(de)(de)排放(fang)。雖(sui)然新能(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)被越來(lai)越多地引入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)，如光伏(fu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，風力發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等。但由于二者的(de)(de)功率輸出(chu)是隨(sui)(sui)機波動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)，會(hui)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)(tong)造成(cheng)影響，產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)質量(liang)(liang)問題。因此(ci)，減少燃油(you)車(che)的(de)(de)使(shi)用，從燃油(you)動(dong)(dong)力汽車(che)轉向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)（Electric Vehicle，EV）是解決汽車(che)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)環境(jing)污染的(de)(de)有(you)(you)效(xiao)手(shou)段。當前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對(dui)智能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)起著(zhu)越來(lai)越大(da)(da)的(de)(de)作用。隨(sui)(sui)著(zhu)EV的(de)(de)大(da)(da)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)使(shi)用，有(you)(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)及分(fen)(fen)布式能(neng)源(yuan)的(de)(de)重要性(xing)日益增強，需要解決EV充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)問題。目(mu)前針(zhen)(zhen)對(dui)EV充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)內(nei)容(rong)主要涉及充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷預測、V2G、EV參與輔助(zhu)服務、配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)規(gui)(gui)劃、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)規(gui)(gui)劃等,也有(you)(you)一(yi)些學者對(dui)EV充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)分(fen)(fen)層分(fen)(fen)區(qu)調(diao)度策略進行了(le)研(yan)究(jiu)。居民(min)小區(qu)具有(you)(you)用車(che)規(gui)(gui)律性(xing)強、可控性(xing)強、方便調(diao)研(yan)等優勢，因此(ci)將居民(min)小區(qu)作為研(yan)究(jiu)對(dui)象，針(zhen)(zhen)對(dui)EV在居民(min)小區(qu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中隨(sui)(sui)機停放(fang)且無序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)系統(tong)(tong)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)嚴重隱患及充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)間(jian)時過(guo)長的(de)(de)問題，提出(chu)一(yi)種采(cai)用延(yan)遲充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)EV有(you)(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控制策略。

1 EV有(you)序充電策略

1.1 EV有序(xu)充(chong)電控(kong)制架構(gou)

EV充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)將成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)居民區電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)需求的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)部分，需要(yao)從(cong)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)規(gui)劃(hua)原則和(he)負荷分布的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)等方面展(zhan)開研究。結合概(gai)率(lv)收費模型和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)消費數據，在標(biao)準中定義的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率(lv)下，隨(sui)機模擬不(bu)受(shou)控制(zhi)、限制(zhi)和(he)價格優化的(de)(de)(de)(de) EV充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)。將大(da)量EV推遲至用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)谷時(shi)段進行充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以減小EV充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對小區變壓器的(de)(de)(de)(de)沖擊，并且考慮(lv)到分時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價可減少用(yong)戶充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費用(yong)，提高經(jing)濟性，保(bao)證EV與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)協調互動發展(zhan)。EV有序充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控制(zhi)架構(gou)如圖1所示。

圖1 EV有序充電控制框架

1.2延遲充電的充電變量定義

EV返(fan)(fan)回后駐車(che)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)長(chang)的計算方法(fa)為(wei)(wei) TS = tout - tback，（1）式(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)：TS為(wei)(wei)用(yong)戶(hu)駐車(che)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)長(chang)，h；tout為(wei)(wei)用(yong)戶(hu)外出(chu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刻；tback為(wei)(wei)用(yong)戶(hu)返(fan)(fan)回時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刻。EV結束充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刻tover的表達式(shi)為(wei)(wei) tover = tstart + Tcha，（2）式(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)：tstart為(wei)(wei)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)開始時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刻；Tcha為(wei)(wei)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)長(chang)，h。設(she)t時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刻共有m輛EV進行充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，則EV充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)總 功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)Pt，EV和功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)Pa.t的表達式(shi)為(wei)(wei) Pt，EV =∑PEV，（3）式(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)：PEV為(wei)(wei)EV荷電(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)。Pa.t = Pmax - Pload - Pt，EV，（4）式(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)：Pmax為(wei)(wei)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)限值，kW；Pload為(wei)(wei)除(chu)EV充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)之外的日常(chang)負荷，kW。EVi進行有序充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的優先(xian)級計算方法(fa)為(wei)(wei) γ = 1 - TS - Tcha 24 - Tout ，（5）式(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)：γ為(wei)(wei)EV充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)優先(xian)級。

在設(she)計EV的充(chong)電優(you)先(xian)級(ji)時(shi)，設(she)置當γ=1時(shi)的優(you)先(xian)級(ji)高，EV優(you)先(xian)進(jin)行充(chong)電；γ=0 時(shi)的優(you)先(xian)級(ji)較(jiao)低(di)，EV*后進(jin)行充(chong)電。為(wei)了讓EV在車(che)主離開小區時(shi)處于滿(man)電狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)，需要設(she)置車(che)主的優(you)先(xian)級(ji)γ=1，確(que)保EV電池狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)達到滿(man)電狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)。

1.3有序(xu)充電策(ce)略具體執行方式

EV有(you)(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)計重要的(de)(de)部(bu)分是對延(yan)遲(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)條件(jian)的(de)(de)設(she)置，通過(guo)對滿足條件(jian)的(de)(de)EV延(yan)遲(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)且不(bu)影響(xiang)用(yong)戶的(de)(de)期望充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)為基礎，完成對居民(min)小(xiao)區EV有(you)(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)。當用(yong)戶把 EV連接到充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁時(shi)，可通過(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁的(de)(de)人機交互界面對EV的(de)(de)期望荷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態、用(yong)戶預計離開時(shi)刻進行設(she)定。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁通過(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制(zhi)系統獲得(de)EV的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池信(xin)息，并將EV的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負荷信(xin)息上傳至有(you)(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)，有(you)(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)獲得(de)各個EV的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負荷信(xin)息后對EV的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進行控(kong)制(zhi)，其實施(shi)流程如圖2所示，具體(ti)如下(xia)。

圖2采用延遲(chi)充電的EV有(you)序充電流程(cheng)

1. 在t時刻將已(yi)經充電完成的EV從計算充電序列(lie)中剔除。

2. 檢測有無EV接入，若有則判斷是否(fou)符合延(yan)遲(chi)充電條件，若無EV接入則轉入步驟

3. 延遲(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)條件：EV離(li)開時(shi)刻在谷時(shi)段開始(shi)之(zhi)后，且用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)返回時(shi)刻到*遲(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)完成(cheng)時(shi)刻的時(shi)長(chang)大于EV充電(dian)(dian)(dian)所需(xu)時(shi)間。若上述延遲(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)條件均滿足則EV進入有序充電(dian)(dian)(dian)控制器的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)等待序列中，否則立即對(dui)EV充電(dian)(dian)(dian)以保(bao)證(zheng)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)結束時(shi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)量較大程度接近用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)期待荷電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

（4）有(you)序充(chong)電(dian)控制(zhi)中臺采集(ji)t時刻該小區實(shi)時負荷信(xin)息，尋找充(chong)電(dian)等待(dai)序列優(you)先級EV。

（5）若EV充(chong)(chong)電(dian)優(you)(you)先(xian)級 γ=1，則(ze)有序充(chong)(chong)電(dian)控(kong)制器對充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁下達命令使其對EV進行(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)，若充(chong)(chong)電(dian)優(you)(you)先(xian)級γ≠1，則(ze)采(cai)用當日制定(ding)的功(gong)率(lv)限制值(zhi)計算t時刻功(gong)率(lv)裕(yu)(yu)度(du)判斷功(gong)率(lv)裕(yu)(yu)度(du)是否大于EV充(chong)(chong)電(dian)功(gong)率(lv)。

（6）若功(gong)(gong)率(lv)裕度(du)大(da)于EV充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)則對EV進(jin)行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)，記錄開(kai)始(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)，計算結束時(shi)(shi)間(jian)，并(bing)更新功(gong)(gong)率(lv)裕度(du)，繼續尋(xun)找本時(shi)(shi)刻高優(you)先(xian)(xian)級(ji)(ji)的EV，判斷是(shi)(shi)否(fou)可以進(jin)行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)，直到(dao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)優(you)先(xian)(xian)級(ji)(ji)γ≠1 且功(gong)(gong)率(lv)裕度(du)小EV充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)（判定優(you)先(xian)(xian)級(ji)(ji)γ=1的邏輯為：當(dang)EV在t時(shi)(shi)刻到(dao)*遲完成充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)時(shi)(shi)刻等于充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)所需時(shi)(shi)長(chang)時(shi)(shi)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)、當(dang)停留時(shi)(shi)長(chang)等于充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)時(shi)(shi)長(chang)時(shi)(shi)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)。其他充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)優(you)先(xian)(xian)γ≠1的車輛均根據功(gong)(gong)率(lv)裕度(du)判斷是(shi)(shi)否(fou)進(jin)行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)）。

（7）判斷 t時(shi)刻(ke)是否(fou)晚于谷時(shi)段(duan)開始時(shi)刻(ke)，是則(ze)結束循環，控制結束，否(fou)則(ze)重新執行步(bu)驟

為更(geng)加直(zhi)觀(guan)地展現上述過程，通(tong)過問卷收集了15條居民小區EV充電數(shu)據(ju)，見表1。

表1 居民小區(qu)EV充(chong)電(dian)數據

假設該小區(qu)的(de)(de)峰(feng)(feng)谷時段為(wei)21：00至(zhi)(zhi)次(ci)日(ri)08：00。在(zai)不考慮功率限制、僅滿足優(you)先級(ji)但(dan)不具體(ti)根據優(you)先級(ji)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)有(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下，對上述控制邏輯進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)簡單的(de)(de)模擬，結果如(ru)圖3所示，并與即(ji)充(chong)即(ji)走的(de)(de)無序(xu)(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)對比。圖3中藍色(se)(se)為(wei)EV充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間，紅色(se)(se)為(wei) EV可以(yi)(yi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)時間。由(you)圖 3 可見：C，G， H，I，J，K，L 號 EV 均可在(zai)峰(feng)(feng)谷時進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。但(dan)由(you)于沒有(you)有(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)策略的(de)(de)幫助，導致原本可以(yi)(yi)延遲(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)EV在(zai)到達小區(qu)時就立(li)即(ji)開始(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，導致用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高峰(feng)(feng)時有(you)大量(liang)EV接入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，給小區(qu)的(de)(de)變壓器帶來很(hen)大的(de)(de)負(fu)擔(dan)，甚(shen)至(zhi)(zhi)會(hui)產生安全隱患。

圖3即(ji)充(chong)即(ji)走的無序充(chong)電模式

如果采(cai)用(yong)(yong)有序(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)策略，如圖4所示，21：00前用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)高(gao)峰(feng)階(jie)段進行充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)EV數量(liang)明顯(xian)減少(shao)，從(cong)9輛(liang)減少(shao)為5輛(liang)。同(tong)時(shi)，21：00后用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)峰(feng)谷時(shi)段的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)EV由3輛(liang)增加(jia)至7輛(liang)，顯(xian)著降低(di)了用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)高(gao)峰(feng)期的(de)(de)變壓器(qi)負荷，同(tong)時(shi)利用(yong)(yong)夜(ye)晚用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)谷時(shi)段進行充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，達(da)到了削(xue)峰(feng)填谷的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。

2 EV有序充電算例分析

對提出的(de)EV有(you)序(xu)充電策(ce)略(lve)進行試(shi)驗算例分析，并利用仿真結果證明有(you)序(xu)充電策(ce)略(lve)的(de)有(you)效性。

2.1參數設置

為進行仿(fang)真分析，通(tong)過問卷(juan)調(diao)查獲取(qu)小(xiao)區EV回到社區的(de)時(shi)間如(ru)圖5所(suo)(suo)示。所(suo)(suo)采訪小(xiao)區的(de)用電(dian)負荷高(gao)峰(feng)出現在20：00，功(gong)率(lv)(lv)峰(feng)值約(yue)900kW，其次為12：00，功(gong)率(lv)(lv)峰(feng)值約(yue)600 kW。EV返回后(hou)電(dian)池(chi)平(ping)均剩(sheng)余容量為 50%。通(tong)過問卷(juan)獲取(qu)EV離(li)開社區的(de)時(shi)間和EV充滿電(dian)所(suo)(suo)用時(shi)間分別如(ru)圖6及圖7所(suo)(suo)示。

圖5EV 返回小區時間

圖6EV 離(li)開小區時(shi)間

圖7 EV 充(chong)電時長

對用戶充電行為進行如下假設。

1. 用戶出(chu)行數據取自圖5—7，共計44輛EV，充電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)的(de)配比為1∶1，可(ke)隨時接入充電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)，等待有序充電(dian)(dian)控(kong)(kong)制器的(de)控(kong)(kong)制。

（2）充(chong)電(dian)樁為慢速交流充(chong)電(dian)裝(zhuang)置，充(chong)電(dian)功率(lv)為7kW，谷時段為22：00—次日08：00。

（3）EV每天返回后均進行充(chong)電，用(yong)戶期望駕車離開時(shi)EV電池電量(liang)為100%。

（4）變壓器的負荷紅線為1100kW。

2.2仿真結果

利用(yong)(yong)提(ti)出(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)EV有(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)策略(lve)對(dui)案(an)例進行(xing)仿真分析，可得出(chu)(chu)(chu)有(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)和無(wu)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)波動曲(qu)線(xian)如(ru)圖8所示。從有(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)和無(wu)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)曲(qu)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)波動可以(yi)看出(chu)(chu)(chu)，不(bu)采用(yong)(yong)有(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)策略(lve)，EV充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)處于大(da)規模(mo)無(wu)序(xu)(xu)狀態，且EV的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)高峰(feng)期出(chu)(chu)(chu)現在(zai)一天中的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)高峰(feng)期到凌晨。此(ci)時電(dian)(dian)網(wang)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)量即為負荷(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高峰(feng)，電(dian)(dian)網(wang)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)負荷(he)壓(ya)力也很大(da)。而在(zai)有(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)模(mo)式下，通過合理地安排EV充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)順序(xu)(xu)，可有(you)效縮短(duan)EV充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間，并將原(yuan)本(ben)在(zai)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)高峰(feng)期充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)EV安排到其他時間段充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，提(ti)高電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安全運(yun)行(xing)，降低電(dian)(dian)網(wang)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)負荷(he)壓(ya)力。

圖8 EV有序充(chong)(chong)電于無序充(chong)(chong)電負荷(he)對比(bi)

為(wei)了更(geng)直觀地(di)體現有(you)序(xu)(xu)充電的控制效果(guo)，計算44輛EV在無序(xu)(xu)充電充電模(mo)式(shi)和(he)有(you)序(xu)(xu)充電模(mo)式(shi)下(xia)的峰谷差，結果(guo)見表2。

從表2無序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)和有(you)(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)下負荷數據對比(bi)可(ke)(ke)見： EV數量相同的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下，有(you)(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)負荷總峰(feng)(feng)(feng)值遠小于無序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)總峰(feng)(feng)(feng)值，且無序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)已(yi)經超過負荷的(de)(de)(de)(de)紅線（1100kW），而有(you)(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)可(ke)(ke)以保證負荷的(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)性；從負荷的(de)(de)(de)(de)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)谷(gu)(gu)(gu)差可(ke)(ke)以看(kan)出(chu)(chu)，有(you)(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)谷(gu)(gu)(gu)差僅為無序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)谷(gu)(gu)(gu)差的(de)(de)(de)(de)1/2。可(ke)(ke)見提出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基于EV延遲充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)策略可(ke)(ke)以有(you)(you)效控制EV充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)安全，并達到削峰(feng)(feng)(feng)填(tian)谷(gu)(gu)(gu)、錯峰(feng)(feng)(feng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)，對EV的(de)(de)(de)(de)推廣具有(you)(you)一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)積極意義。

1. 安科(ke)瑞(rui)充電樁收費運營云平(ping)臺

3.1概述

AcrelCloud-9000安科瑞充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)柱收費(fei)運(yun)營云平臺系(xi)統通過(guo)(guo)物聯網(wang)技術對(dui)(dui)接入(ru)系(xi)統的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行(xing)(xing)車充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站以及(ji)各個充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)整法行(xing)(xing)不間(jian)斷地數據(ju)采集(ji)和監(jian)控，實(shi)時監(jian)控充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁運(yun)行(xing)(xing)狀態，進(jin)行(xing)(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)服(fu)務、支付(fu)管理，交易結算，資要管理、電(dian)(dian)(dian)能管理，明細(xi)查詢等。同時對(dui)(dui)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)過(guo)(guo)溫(wen)保(bao)護、漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸入(ru)/輸出過(guo)(guo)壓(ya)，欠壓(ya)，絕(jue)緣低各類故障進(jin)行(xing)(xing)預警；充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁支持以太(tai)網(wang)、4G或WIFI等方(fang)式(shi)接入(ru)互聯網(wang)，用戶通過(guo)(guo)微信、支付(fu)寶，云閃付(fu)掃碼充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

3.2應用場所

適用于(yu)民用建筑、一(yi)般工業建筑、居住小區、實業單(dan)位(wei)、商業綜(zong)合體(ti)、學校、園區等充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁模式的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)基礎設(she)施設(she)計。

3.3系統結構

3.3.1系統分為四層：

1）即數據(ju)(ju)采集層(ceng)(ceng)、網絡(luo)傳輸(shu)層(ceng)(ceng)、數據(ju)(ju)中心(xin)層(ceng)(ceng)和客(ke)戶端(duan)層(ceng)(ceng)。

2）數據采(cai)集層：包括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)車智能(neng)充電(dian)(dian)樁通訊協議為標準(zhun)modbus-rtu。電(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)車智能(neng)充電(dian)(dian)樁用于采(cai)集充電(dian)(dian)回路的電(dian)(dian)力參數，并進行電(dian)(dian)能(neng)計量和保護。

3）網絡傳(chuan)輸(shu)層(ceng)：通過4G網絡將數據(ju)上傳(chuan)至搭建好的(de)數據(ju)庫服務器(qi)。

4）數據(ju)(ju)中心層：包含(han)應用(yong)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)器和數據(ju)(ju)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)器，應用(yong)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)器部署數據(ju)(ju)采集服(fu)(fu)務(wu)、WEB網站，數據(ju)(ju)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)器部署實(shi)時(shi)數據(ju)(ju)庫、歷史數據(ju)(ju)庫、基礎(chu)數據(ju)(ju)庫。

5）應客戶端(duan)層：系統管理員可在(zai)瀏(liu)覽器中訪(fang)問(wen)電瓶(ping)車充(chong)電樁(zhuang)收費平臺(tai)。終端(duan)充(chong)電用戶通過刷卡掃碼的方(fang)式(shi)啟動充(chong)電。

小區充(chong)電平(ping)臺功(gong)(gong)能主要涵蓋充(chong)電設施智(zhi)能化大屏、實時監控、交易(yi)管理(li)、故障管理(li)、統計分析、基礎數(shu)據管理(li)等(deng)功(gong)(gong)能，同(tong)時為運維人員提(ti)(ti)供(gong)運維APP，充(chong)電用(yong)戶提(ti)(ti)供(gong)充(chong)電小程(cheng)序(xu)。

3.4安(an)科瑞充電樁云平臺系統功能

3.4.1智能(neng)化大屏

智能化大(da)屏展示站(zhan)點分(fen)布情況，對(dui)設(she)備狀態、設(she)備使用(yong)率、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)次數、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時長、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)金額、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)度數、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)故障等進行統計顯(xian)示，同(tong)時可查(cha)看(kan)每個站(zhan)點的站(zhan)點信息、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)列表、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)記錄等。統一管理小區充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)，查(cha)看(kan)設(she)備使用(yong)率，合理分(fen)配資源。

3.4.2.實(shi)時(shi)監控

實時監視充電設施運行狀況，主要包括充電樁運行狀態、回路狀態、充電過程中的充電電量、充電電壓/電流，充電樁告警信息等。

3.4.3交易管理

平臺管理人員可管理充電用戶賬戶，對其進行賬戶進行充值、退款、凍結、注銷等操作，可查看小區用戶每日的充電交易詳細信息。3.4.4故障管理

設備(bei)自動上報(bao)(bao)故障(zhang)信息，平臺(tai)管(guan)理人(ren)員(yuan)可(ke)通過平臺(tai)查看故障(zhang)信息并(bing)進(jin)行派發處(chu)理，同時運(yun)維人(ren)員(yuan)可(ke)通過運(yun)維APP收取故障(zhang)推送(song)，運(yun)維人(ren)員(yuan)在運(yun)維工作完(wan)成后將結果上報(bao)(bao)。充(chong)電(dian)用戶也可(ke)通過充(chong)電(dian)小程序反(fan)饋現場問題。

3.4.5統計分析

通過系統平臺(tai)，從充電(dian)站點、充電(dian)設施、充電(dian)時間、充電(dian)方式等不同角(jiao)度，查詢充電(dian)交易(yi)統計(ji)信息(xi)、能耗統計(ji)信息(xi)等。

3.4.6基(ji)礎數據管理

在系統平臺建立運營商戶，運營商可建立和管理其運營所需站點和充電設施，維護充電設施信息、價格策略、折扣、優惠活動，同時可管理在線卡用戶充值、凍結和解綁。

3.4.7運維APP

面向運維(wei)人(ren)員使用，可以(yi)對站點和充電樁進(jin)行管理、能夠進(jin)行故(gu)障閉環處理、查(cha)(cha)詢流量卡使用情(qing)況、查(cha)(cha)詢充電\充值情(qing)況，進(jin)行遠程參數(shu)設置，同時(shi)可接收故(gu)障推送(song)。

3.4.8充電(dian)小(xiao)程序

面向充電用戶使(shi)用，可(ke)查(cha)看附(fu)近空(kong)閑設備，主要包含(han)掃碼充電、賬戶充值，充電卡綁(bang)定(ding)、交易查(cha)詢(xun)、故障申訴等功能。

3.5系統硬件配置

4結束語

EV的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)周期與人(ren)們的(de)(de)生活(huo)習慣(guan)密切相關(guan)。隨著(zhu)全(quan)(quan)國EV保(bao)有量(liang)逐年(nian)增多(duo)，EV大(da)量(liang)無序充(chong)電(dian)的(de)(de) 充(chong)電(dian)模式將對電(dian)網產生較大(da)的(de)(de)影響(xiang)，因此(ci)有必要(yao)對居民區的(de)(de)EV充(chong)電(dian)進行(xing)合(he)理規劃，提出(chu)合(he)理的(de)(de)家用(yong)EV充(chong)電(dian)策略，確保(bao)電(dian)網充(chong)電(dian)區域的(de)(de)安全(quan)(quan)穩定運行(xing)。

1. 從(cong)EV充(chong)電的選擇策略著手(shou)進(jin)行研(yan)究(jiu)，介紹了E有序(xu)充(chong)電的基礎(chu)理(li)論(lun)，分析了大規(gui)模 EV充(chong)電過程中遇到的問題(ti)。

2. 介(jie)紹了(le)EV充(chong)電策(ce)略(lve)的(de)理論基礎，對(dui)(dui)EV充(chong)電的(de)模(mo)式進行(xing)了(le)分析(xi)，然后針對(dui)(dui)居民小區充(chong)電充(chong)電模(mo)式提出了(le)一種基于延遲充(chong)電的(de)EV有序充(chong)電策(ce)略(lve)，并(bing)對(dui)(dui)充(chong)電策(ce)略(lve)的(de)總(zong)體框架(jia)進行(xing)了(le)分析(xi)。

3. 以(yi)實際居民小區EV充電(dian)為例(li)進行(xing)仿真(zhen)分(fen)析，證明了本文提出的EV有(you)序(xu)充電(dian)策略(lve)的方(fang)法能 夠實現EV有(you)序(xu)充電(dian)，并有(you)效降低充電(dian)總峰值，達到(dao)削峰填(tian)谷(gu)、錯峰充電(dian)的目的，表明提出的有(you)序(xu)充電(dian)策略(lve)方(fang)法設(she)計的有(you)效性(xing)。

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安科瑞侯文莉