摘要：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)以(yi)無(wu)(wu)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)接(jie)入配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)時與網(wang)內基礎(chu)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)疊(die)加(jia)，會形成峰(feng)上加(jia)峰(feng)的(de)現象(xiang)，不利于配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)穩定運(yun)行(xing)。針對上述問題，首先對私(si)家車(che)(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)進行(xing)建模(mo)，采用(yong)蒙(meng)特卡羅抽樣(yang)模(mo)擬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)無(wu)(wu)序(xu)(xu)行(xing)為下的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)曲線(xian)。然(ran)后(hou)提(ti)出一種新型(xing)的(de)多(duo)時段動(dong)(dong)態充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價格機(ji)制，引(yin)導車(che)(che)主有(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并以(yi)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)波動(dong)(dong)比較(jiao)(jiao)小為目標(biao)函(han)數，優化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)為。比較(jiao)(jiao)后(hou)在IEEEE3節點配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)中，分別(bie)分析有(you)序(xu)(xu)和無(wu)(wu)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)并網(wang)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費用(yong)、配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓偏移率及網(wang)損，結果表明所提(ti)策略可有(you)效兼顧用(yong)戶利益(yi)和配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)穩定運(yun)行(xing)。

關鍵詞：電(dian)動(dong)汽車；配電(dian)網(wang)；多時段動(dong)態充電(dian)價格(ge)；電(dian)壓偏(pian)移；網(wang)損

0引言

伴(ban)隨(sui)(sui)我國能源(yuan)(yuan)結(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)整，制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)以(yi)(yi)綠(lv)色新(xin)(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)主體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)(xi)統(tong)可為(wei)推進(jin)國家(jia)“雙碳"目標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)早日實(shi)現(xian)發(fa)揮積極作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推廣(guang)和應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)在節(jie)(jie)能減排方面有(you)著的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優勢，推進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)發(fa)展是推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)我國能源(yuan)(yuan)轉型發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)環節(jie)(jie)。雖(sui)(sui)然電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存在為(wei)人們出(chu)行帶來(lai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)巨(ju)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)便利(li)(li)(li)，但(dan)由(you)于(yu)其(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行為(wei)具有(you)不(bu)確定(ding)性(xing)(xing)，大(da)(da)(da)量(liang)無序(xu)(xu)、隨(sui)(sui)機的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)會對(dui)(dui)(dui)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)造成(cheng)許多不(bu)可預知的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)(fu)面影響(xiang)。因此應(ying)大(da)(da)(da)力推廣(guang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)理，以(yi)(yi)兼(jian)顧電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安全、經濟效益(yi)和用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)．在解決電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)時(shi)如何(he)管(guan)控的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題上，已有(you)學者進(jin)行研(yan)究。考(kao)(kao)慮(lv)(lv)(lv)到配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)峰(feng)谷差較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)導(dao)(dao)致變壓(ya)器過載和產生大(da)(da)(da)量(liang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)內(nei)損(sun)耗，提(ti)出(chu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)一種(zhong)對(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率進(jin)行實(shi)時(shi)優化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)策(ce)(ce)略，算(suan)例結(jie)果表明該(gai)策(ce)(ce)略可以(yi)(yi)有(you)效降低網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)損(sun)。針對(dui)(dui)(dui)大(da)(da)(da)規(gui)模電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)入(ru)(ru)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)現(xian)象，根(gen)據網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)內(nei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷狀(zhuang)態及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需求等實(shi)時(shi)數據，利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)模糊控制(zhi)(zhi)算(suan)法對(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行為(wei)做有(you)序(xu)(xu)優化(hua)(hua)，有(you)效避(bi)免了(le)(le)(le)(le)大(da)(da)(da)規(gui)模車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)群入(ru)(ru)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷尖峰(feng)問題。將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可放(fang)比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)容量(liang)為(wei)選定(ding)優化(hua)(hua)目標(biao)，通(tong)過競價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法，引導(dao)(dao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)在用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高(gao)峰(feng)時(shi)間段利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)V2G技術饋電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)給(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，以(yi)(yi)達到“削峰(feng)填谷"的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效果。基(ji)于(yu)虛擬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)，考(kao)(kao)慮(lv)(lv)(lv)以(yi)(yi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷峰(feng)谷差比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)、用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)經濟性(xing)(xing)指(zhi)標(biao)比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)折舊費(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)為(wei)目標(biao)對(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)建模，通(tong)過仿真算(suan)例證明了(le)(le)(le)(le)該(gai)策(ce)(ce)略提(ti)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效性(xing)(xing)。提(ti)出(chu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)一種(zhong)基(ji)于(yu)峰(feng)谷分(fen)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)為(wei)背景的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，考(kao)(kao)慮(lv)(lv)(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)隨(sui)(sui)機性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)策(ce)(ce)略，使得電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)在負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷高(gao)峰(feng)期(qi)向(xiang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)饋電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷低谷期(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，平滑了(le)(le)(le)(le)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)內(nei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)曲(qu)線(xian)。以(yi)(yi)分(fen)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)為(wei)背景，構建同(tong)時(shi)考(kao)(kao)慮(lv)(lv)(lv)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)繳(jiao)費(fei)情況(kuang)和負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷穩定(ding)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多目標(biao)優化(hua)(hua)調(diao)度(du)(du)模型，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)參與有(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)理規(gui)劃(hua)。通(tong)過算(suan)例分(fen)析驗證了(le)(le)(le)(le)該(gai)方法不(bu)但(dan)可以(yi)(yi)減小(xiao)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)峰(feng)谷差，還能提(ti)高(gao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟效益(yi)。上述文(wen)獻中，學者從(cong)(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)側(ce)角度(du)(du)通(tong)過對(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特(te)性(xing)(xing)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)調(diao)度(du)(du)或是從(cong)(cong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)側(ce)角度(du)(du)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)價(jia)(jia)格引導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)優化(hua)(hua)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行為(wei)來(lai)滿足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)功率的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)節(jie)(jie)。前者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)調(diao)度(du)(du)僅考(kao)(kao)慮(lv)(lv)(lv)了(le)(le)(le)(le)對(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)，沒有(you)調(diao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主觀意愿(yuan)，實(shi)施(shi)推廣(guang)具有(you)難度(du)(du)；后(hou)者雖(sui)(sui)然利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)價(jia)(jia)格因素很好調(diao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)了(le)(le)(le)(le)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)參與性(xing)(xing)，但(dan)現(xian)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)分(fen)區少，限(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)了(le)(le)(le)(le)調(diao)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)優可能性(xing)(xing)。因此本文(wen)以(yi)(yi)私(si)家(jia)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)并(bing)入(ru)(ru)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)為(wei)研(yan)究對(dui)(dui)(dui)象，根(gen)據短期(qi)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷預測為(wei)基(ji)礎提(ti)出(chu)一種(zhong)新(xin)(xin)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多時(shi)段動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)態電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)策(ce)(ce)略，引導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)有(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)繳(jiao)費(fei)、配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)偏移(yi)及(ji)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)損(sun)情況(kuang)加以(yi)(yi)分(fen)析后(hou)，驗證了(le)(le)(le)(le)所提(ti)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)格機制(zhi)(zhi)可以(yi)(yi)引導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)有(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并(bing)兼(jian)顧配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)運(yun)行和用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)利(li)(li)(li)益(yi)。

1私家車無序(xu)模(mo)式充電模(mo)型

本(ben)文從以下4個方面構建電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)的充電(dian)(dian)模型(xing)。ａ?電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)特性本(ben)文選用鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)為研究對象(xiang)。與普通汽車(che)相同(tong)(tong)，不(bu)同(tong)(tong)類型(xing)私家車(che)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量有差異。

式中ｆQ為(wei)私(si)家車鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量的(de)概率(lv)密度(du)；ｘ表示該(gai)時刻的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量大小，一般(ban)取值(zhi)為(wei)20-30kwh。鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)變化(hua)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)如圖1所示。由于充(chong)電(dian)(dian)起始過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和結(jie)束過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)時間非常短暫，可以(yi)近似(si)地(di)認為(wei)鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)是恒功(gong)率(lv)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。ｂ?車主日行(xing)駛里程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)文引用美國交通部汽(qi)車日出行(xing)數(shu)據進(jin)行(xing)分析

計(ji)算［13］，可知電動汽車車主每日用車行駛(shi)里程數的概率密度函數為

式(shi)中：ｆD為車(che)(che)主(zhu)(zhu)日行駛(shi)里(li)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的概率密(mi)度函(han)數；μD為期望值；σD為標(biao)準(zhun)差。ｃ?車(che)(che)主(zhu)(zhu)比較后(hou)歸(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)時刻假(jia)設車(che)(che)主(zhu)(zhu)每(mei)日結束行程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)時刻即為電動汽車(che)(che)每(mei)日開始充電時刻，比較后(hou)歸(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)概率密(mi)度函(han)數為

式中(zhong)：ｆｓ為(wei)(wei)車主比較后規程的概率(lv)密(mi)度函數；ｗ為(wei)(wei)回家時刻(ke)；μｓ為(wei)(wei)期(qi)望(wang)值(zhi)；σｓ為(wei)(wei)標準差。ｄ?車主離(li)家時間假設車主每日(ri)用車期(qi)間只可(ke)放(fang)電不可(ke)充(chong)電，出行開始(shi)時刻(ke)的概率(lv)密(mi)度函數為(wei)(wei)

式中：ｆｅ為車(che)(che)主啟程離家(jia)的概(gai)率密度函數；ｖ為離家(jia)時刻。結合用(yong)戶出行數據及電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)模型利用(yong)蒙特卡洛算法，得到500輛電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)的24ｈ無(wu)序充(chong)(chong)電(dian)負(fu)荷曲線，如圖(tu)2所示。

２多時(shi)段動態(tai)電價下電動汽(qi)車有序充電模型

2.1多(duo)時(shi)段動態(tai)電價區間劃分(fen)

傳(chuan)(chuan)統的(de)(de)分時(shi)(shi)(shi)電價(jia)一(yi)旦(dan)制定(ding)后(hou)其區間(jian)不(bu)再(zai)變(bian)化，但居(ju)民的(de)(de)用(yong)電行為(wei)會隨著季節變(bian)化、地(di)域(yu)不(bu)同和個人舒適度(du)而(er)改變(bian)，與原分時(shi)(shi)(shi)電價(jia)的(de)(de)價(jia)格區間(jian)范圍有(you)偏差，產生負(fu)荷(he)和電價(jia)的(de)(de)峰谷不(bu)匹配(pei)的(de)(de)現象。而(er)電動汽(qi)車的(de)(de)充電行為(wei)在時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)上(shang)有(you)很大(da)隨機性，導致實(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)電價(jia)的(de)(de)制定(ding)考慮因(yin)素十(shi)分復(fu)雜。因(yin)此本(ben)文根據短期負(fu)荷(he)預測(ce)為(wei)基(ji)礎提(ti)出一(yi)種新型的(de)(de)多(duo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)段(duan)動態電價(jia)策略。目前為(wei)止，隸屬(shu)度(du)函數(shu)(shu)是對傳(chuan)(chuan)統用(yong)電價(jia)格進行劃(hua)(hua)分的(de)(de)比較(jiao)成熟且通用(yong)性比較(jiao)廣的(de)(de)方法。以表1某地(di)區分時(shi)(shi)(shi)電價(jia)為(wei)例，首(shou)先(xian)基(ji)于模糊(hu)數(shu)(shu)學的(de)(de)理論，可將每個時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)段(duan)認為(wei)是一(yi)個獨立的(de)(de)模糊(hu)集合，然(ran)后(hou)利用(yong)隸屬(shu)度(du)函數(shu)(shu)構建(jian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)段(duan)內每時(shi)(shi)(shi)刻對應(ying)的(de)(de)隸屬(shu)度(du)，并根據隸屬(shu)度(du)值(zhi)將其劃(hua)(hua)分到對應(ying)的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)段(duan)［14］。再(zai)將短期預測(ce)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎負(fu)荷(he)劃(hua)(hua)分成多(duo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)段(duan)，根據每時(shi)(shi)(shi)段(duan)對應(ying)的(de)(de)負(fu)荷(he)值(zhi)計算相對應(ying)的(de)(de)電價(jia)。

式中：Cｍａｘ和(he)Cｍｉｎ分(fen)別為分(fen)時(shi)(shi)電(dian)價(jia)的(de)峰(feng)值與(yu)谷值；C?為每時(shi)(shi)段負荷(he)在(zai)價(jia)格區間上的(de)映(ying)射。

式中：Cｉ為精準。

2.2電(dian)(dian)動汽車有(you)序(xu)充電(dian)(dian)策略

電(dian)(dian)動汽車聚合商(shang)是專(zhuan)門(men)針對(dui)電(dian)(dian)動汽車充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)進(jin)行(xing)資源整合的(de)(de)(de)(de)參與者，其部(bu)署(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)智能(neng)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁可提供常(chang)規充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)和充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)優化模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)。常(chang)規充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)可將電(dian)(dian)動汽車的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)至期(qi)望電(dian)(dian)量值(zhi)，而(er)優化模(mo)(mo)(mo)式(shi)則需要(yao)根據車主個人(ren)用電(dian)(dian)需求輸(shu)入(ru)結束充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時刻(ke)及結束時刻(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)期(qi)望值(zhi)。車輛接(jie)入(ru)后，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁將獲取該車信息，將輸(shu)入(ru)值(zhi)及車電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)剩(sheng)余(yu)電(dian)(dian)量反饋到系統調(diao)度中間，對(dui)收集(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)據進(jin)行(xing)在線智能(neng)計(ji)(ji)算，形成電(dian)(dian)動汽車的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)計(ji)(ji)劃。

2.3目標函數

本(ben)文(wen)以網內負荷波動(dong)比較小為目標函數。

式中：F為目標函(han)數；N為谷時段數目；Pｉ為第ｉ個(ge)時段配(pei)電網的基礎負荷值。

2.4約束條件

小值和比較大值。

Bu充電時段T約(yue)(yue)束Tｓ≤T≤Tｅ（12）式中：Tｓ為車主每日充電開始時刻；Tｅ為當天(tian)充電結束時刻。ｃ?總電量Ｓ約(yue)(yue)束本(ben)文優(you)化(hua)中不計電池(chi)損耗，假(jia)設電池(chi)容量為恒定值。

式(shi)中：K為充電(dian)的電(dian)動汽車數目；Tｃｈｉ為第ｉ輛車總充電(dian)時間。

2.5算法求解

傳統的(de)(de)遺傳算法(fa)是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)起源于生物進化(hua)規律演變(bian)的(de)(de)尋優(you)算法(fa)。從(cong)任意初始種(zhong)(zhong)群(qun)開始，通過選擇、交(jiao)叉、變(bian)異等環節，產(chan)生一(yi)些(xie)對(dui)環境適(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)高的(de)(de)個體(ti)并(bing)進入(ru)搜(sou)索空間中(zhong)更好(hao)的(de)(de)區域，不斷繁衍(yan)進化(hua)，比較(jiao)終得(de)到比較(jiao)大適(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)個體(ti)作為比較(jiao)優(you)解(jie)(jie)輸出。但由于進化(hua)過程中(zhong)交(jiao)叉概(gai)(gai)(gai)率(lv)(lv)參(can)數及變(bian)異概(gai)(gai)(gai)率(lv)(lv)參(can)數為定值(zhi)，忽略(lve)了進化(hua)過程中(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)群(qun)的(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)適(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)特性，存在過早收斂的(de)(de)缺陷。且算法(fa)沒有保留精英機(ji)制，適(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)度(du)(du)高的(de)(de)個體(ti)可能在進化(hua)中(zhong)丟失好(hao)的(de)(de)基(ji)因。為了解(jie)(jie)決(jue)以上問(wen)題，本(ben)文采用自(zi)(zi)適(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)交(jiao)叉概(gai)(gai)(gai)率(lv)(lv)Kｃ和自(zi)(zi)適(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)異概(gai)(gai)(gai)率(lv)(lv)Kｍ以及精英保留機(ji)制進行(xing)優(you)化(hua)求解(jie)(jie)［15］。自(zi)(zi)適(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)交(jiao)叉概(gai)(gai)(gai)率(lv)(lv)Kｃ和自(zi)(zi)適(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)異概(gai)(gai)(gai)率(lv)(lv)Kｍ公(gong)式(shi)如下：

式中：K1為(wei)基礎(chu)交(jiao)叉概率；ｆｍａｘ為(wei)個體(ti)比較大適應度；ｆａｖ為(wei)個體(ti)適應度值的平均值；fｌ為(wei)每相鄰(lin)交(jiao)叉個體(ti)中較大的適應度。

式中：K2為基礎(chu)變異(yi)概率；ｆｉ為第(di)I代進化的閾值，公(gong)式如下：

式中(zhong)：ｆｉI為第(di)ｉ個個體；Kｅｅｐ＝1，則精英(ying)保(bao)留(liu)，Kｅｅｐ＝0，則不保(bao)留(liu)。優(you)化過程如(ru)圖4。

3算例仿真與分析

3.1仿真場景設定

本文仿真過(guo)程選(xuan)擇在(zai)IEEE33節(jie)(jie)點(dian)配電(dian)網中進行，其(qi)拓撲如圖5所示。假設(she)節(jie)(jie)點(dian)1為(wei)(wei)平衡節(jie)(jie)點(dian)，即電(dian)源(yuan)接入節(jie)(jie)點(dian)，余(yu)下32個節(jie)(jie)點(dian)全部(bu)為(wei)(wei)PQ節(jie)(jie)點(dian)。假設(she)整個配電(dian)網系統中含基礎負荷(he)以及1500輛電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)，車(che)群被均(jun)勻分配到(dao)節(jie)(jie)點(dian)19,23和26中。以私(si)家車(che)比(bi)亞(ya)迪E1車(che)型作為(wei)(wei)研究對(dui)象，規(gui)定每輛電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)的動(dong)力電(dian)池規(gui)格相同，參數為(wei)(wei)：220V，16Ａ慢(man)充(chong)模式，限制容量為(wei)(wei)35KWH，3.52KWH恒功率(lv)充(chong)電(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)效(xiao)率(lv)為(wei)(wei)0.82，轉換效(xiao)率(lv)為(wei)(wei)0.90

3.2對用電負荷的分(fen)析

電動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)以不(bu)同方式充電的負(fu)荷(he)曲(qu)線及(ji)配電網總負(fu)荷(he)曲(qu)線如(ru)圖(tu)6、圖(tu)7所示。由圖(tu)6和圖(tu)7可知(zhi)，通過動(dong)態價格的引(yin)導，電動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)充電行為趨于有(you)序化，車(che)(che)主(zhu)對充電時間段的選擇逐漸向夜間轉移(yi)，負(fu)荷(he)峰值水(shui)平(ping)大(da)幅(fu)度(du)下降，說明(ming)新型(xing)電價的提出可以使車(che)(che)主(zhu)的用電行為不(bu)再大(da)面(mian)積(ji)集中，系統總用電負(fu)荷(he)曲(qu)線相對變得(de)平(ping)緩(huan)，有(you)削峰填谷的效(xiao)果。

由表2可知，無序充電(dian)車(che)主(zhu)日繳(jiao)納電(dian)費(fei)(fei)為(wei)21880.8元(yuan)，基于多時段動(dong)態電(dian)價的有序充電(dian)日繳(jiao)費(fei)(fei)為(wei)17248.80元(yuan)，比無序充電(dian)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)降低(di)了21.17％。因(yin)此新電(dian)價機制的提出可有效降低(di)車(che)主(zhu)充電(dian)成本。

3.3對配電網影(ying)響(xiang)分析

將ＩＥＥＥ３３節(jie)點(dian)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)模型的(de)節(jie)點(dian)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)參數和優化后(hou)的(de)有(you)(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)數據導(dao)入ＭＡＴＬＡＢ軟件(jian)語言編程，對比(bi)以(yi)下(xia)(xia)３種場(chang)景下(xia)(xia)的(de)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓偏移(yi)及網(wang)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)。場(chang)景1：配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)內未接(jie)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車負(fu)(fu)荷(he)。場(chang)景2：配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)內接(jie)入無序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)。場(chang)景3：配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)內接(jie)入有(you)(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)。圖(tu)8表示部分時(shi)(shi)段下(xia)(xia)3種用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式的(de)網(wang)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)率。可(ke)見(jian)18.00-24.00由于無序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)的(de)接(jie)入使得(de)網(wang)內網(wang)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)明顯(xian)升高。原因是車主歸程后(hou)的(de)無序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)為與用(yong)(yong)戶基礎(chu)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)為的(de)一致性導(dao)致網(wang)內用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)率激增。09.00-21.00時(shi)(shi)，對比(bi)接(jie)入無序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)和有(you)(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)，后(hou)者(zhe)可(ke)有(you)(you)效降(jiang)低(di)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)網(wang)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)，尤(you)其在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)高峰時(shi)(shi)段21.00網(wang)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)率下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)了2.77％，效果(guo)比(bi)較顯(xian)著。說明多時(shi)(shi)段分時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)的(de)提出引導(dao)車主有(you)(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對調節(jie)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)網(wang)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)具有(you)(you)一定效果(guo)。

由圖9可知(zhi)，場(chang)景(jing)1配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)未接入(ru)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷(he)時的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓偏(pian)移都(dou)控制在±7％以(yi)內，縱(zong)橫對比沒(mei)有(you)(you)發(fa)現嚴重的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓偏(pian)移現象，但是(shi)節(jie)點(dian)(dian)18和(he)19在20.00-21.00時間段上(shang)有(you)(you)局部節(jie)點(dian)(dian)處在越(yue)限邊界。由圖10可知(zhi)，場(chang)景(jing)2中配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)內接入(ru)無序充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷(he)時，節(jie)點(dian)(dian)13-19和(he)28-33在晚間出(chu)現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓越(yue)限情(qing)況，原因是(shi)無序充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷(he)的(de)高(gao)峰(feng)期恰巧與網(wang)(wang)(wang)內基礎負(fu)荷(he)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)高(gao)峰(feng)期時段相疊。

圖11表示場景(jing)3下配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網內(nei)接入有(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷(he)時各(ge)個節點電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)偏移(yi)(yi)情(qing)況(kuang)。與(yu)圖9和圖10對(dui)比可(ke)(ke)知(zhi)，有(you)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷(he)的(de)接入使局部節點越(yue)限現(xian)象得(de)到(dao)緩解(jie)，偏移(yi)(yi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)回歸到(dao)正常標準范圍內(nei)。說明所提出(chu)的(de)新型動態分時電(dian)(dian)(dian)價可(ke)(ke)以(yi)通過對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車進行充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)有(you)序(xu)(xu)化管理來(lai)改善配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)偏移(yi)(yi)現(xian)象。

由于大(da)量負荷(he)突然接入使(shi)各(ge)節點電壓發(fa)生偏移(yi)現象，因此對比(bi)較(jiao)大(da)負載量時刻(ke)（21.00）各(ge)節點電壓偏移(yi)情況進行對比(bi)更有意義，結果(guo)如圖12所示。

由圖12可知，未接(jie)入(ru)無序負荷時(shi)網內各(ge)節(jie)(jie)點(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓偏(pian)移(yi)都控(kong)制在±7％范圍(wei)以(yi)內，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓無越限(xian)行為。當無序充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負荷并網后，一部(bu)分節(jie)(jie)點(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓發生顯(xian)著偏(pian)移(yi)，且偏(pian)移(yi)量均超過(guo)規定標(biao)準(zhun)范圍(wei)。而經(jing)過(guo)多時(shi)段動態電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價策略(lve)調(diao)(diao)控(kong)的(de)有序充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行為接(jie)入(ru)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網后，網內各(ge)節(jie)(jie)點(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值(zhi)還(huan)原(yuan)到標(biao)準(zhun)范圍(wei)以(yi)內，其(qi)中變化(hua)比較顯(xian)著的(de)18號(hao)節(jie)(jie)點(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓標(biao)幺值(zhi)由0.9467調(diao)(diao)整到0.9828，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓偏(pian)移(yi)率修(xiu)正了3.61％。

4安科(ke)瑞充電(dian)樁(zhuang)收費運(yun)營云平臺(tai)

4.1概述

AcrelCloud-9000安(an)科(ke)瑞充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)柱收費運營云平臺系統通過(guo)物聯網(wang)(wang)技術對接(jie)入(ru)系統的電(dian)動電(dian)動自行(xing)車充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)站(zhan)以及各(ge)個充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)整法(fa)行(xing)不間斷地(di)數據采集和監控，實時監控充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁運行(xing)狀態，進行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)服務、支(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)管理，交易結算，資(zi)要管理、電(dian)能(neng)管理，明細查詢等。同時對充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)過(guo)溫保護、漏(lou)電(dian)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸入(ru)/輸出過(guo)壓，欠壓，絕緣低各(ge)類故障進行(xing)預警；充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁支(zhi)(zhi)持以太網(wang)(wang)、4G或(huo)WIFI等方(fang)式接(jie)入(ru)互聯網(wang)(wang)，用戶通過(guo)微(wei)信、支(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)寶(bao)，云閃付(fu)掃碼充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)。

4.2應用場所

適用于(yu)民用建筑、一般工業建筑、居住(zhu)小區、實業單位、商業綜合體、學(xue)校、園區等充電樁(zhuang)模式(shi)的充電基(ji)礎設(she)施設(she)計。

4.3系統結構

4.3.1系(xi)統分為四層：

1）即數據(ju)采集層(ceng)、網絡傳輸層(ceng)、數據(ju)中(zhong)間層(ceng)和(he)客(ke)戶端層(ceng)。

2）數(shu)據采集層：包括電(dian)瓶車智能充電(dian)樁通訊協(xie)議(yi)為標準modbus-rtu。電(dian)瓶車智能充電(dian)樁用于采集充電(dian)回路(lu)的電(dian)力參數(shu)，并進行(xing)電(dian)能計(ji)量和保護(hu)。

3）網(wang)絡(luo)傳輸層：通(tong)過4G網(wang)絡(luo)將數據上傳至搭建好的(de)數據庫(ku)服務器。

4）數(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)中間層：包含應用服務器和數(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)服務器，應用服務器部(bu)署(shu)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)采集服務、WEB網站，數(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)服務器部(bu)署(shu)實時(shi)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)、歷史(shi)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)、基礎(chu)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)庫(ku)(ku)(ku)。

5）應客戶端(duan)層：系(xi)統管理員可在瀏覽器中訪問電(dian)瓶車充電(dian)樁收費平臺。終(zhong)端(duan)充電(dian)用戶通過刷卡掃碼的方式啟動充電(dian)。

小(xiao)區充(chong)(chong)電(dian)平臺功能(neng)主要涵蓋充(chong)(chong)電(dian)設施智能(neng)化大屏、實時監(jian)控、交(jiao)易管理(li)、故障管理(li)、統計(ji)分析(xi)、基(ji)礎數據管理(li)等(deng)功能(neng)，同時為運維(wei)人員提供運維(wei)APP，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)用戶提供充(chong)(chong)電(dian)小(xiao)程(cheng)序。

4.4安科瑞充電樁(zhuang)云平臺系統功能

4.4.1智(zhi)能(neng)化大屏

智能化(hua)大屏展示站點分布情況，對設備狀態、設備使(shi)用(yong)率、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)次數、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時長、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)金額(e)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)度數、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)故(gu)障(zhang)等進行統計顯示，同時可(ke)查(cha)看(kan)(kan)每(mei)個站點的(de)站點信(xin)息、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)列(lie)表(biao)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)記錄、收益(yi)、能耗、故(gu)障(zhang)記錄等。統一管理小(xiao)區充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)，查(cha)看(kan)(kan)設備使(shi)用(yong)率，合(he)理分配資(zi)源。

4.4.2.實(shi)時監控

實時監視充(chong)電(dian)設施(shi)運(yun)行狀況，主要(yao)包(bao)括充(chong)電(dian)樁運(yun)行狀態(tai)、回路狀態(tai)、充(chong)電(dian)過程中的充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)量、充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)/電(dian)流，充(chong)電(dian)樁告警信息等。

4.4.3交易管理

平臺管(guan)理人員(yuan)可管(guan)理充(chong)電用戶賬(zhang)戶，對其進(jin)行賬(zhang)戶進(jin)行充(chong)值、退款、凍結、注(zhu)銷等操作，可查看小(xiao)區用戶每日的充(chong)電交易(yi)詳細信息(xi)。

4.4.4故障管理

設備自動上報(bao)故障信息，平(ping)臺管理人(ren)員可通過(guo)平(ping)臺查看(kan)故障信息并進行派發處理，同時運(yun)維(wei)(wei)人(ren)員可通過(guo)運(yun)維(wei)(wei)APP收取故障推(tui)送，運(yun)維(wei)(wei)人(ren)員在運(yun)維(wei)(wei)工作完成后將結果上報(bao)。充電用戶也(ye)可通過(guo)充電小(xiao)程序反饋現場問(wen)題。

4.4.5統計分析

通過系統(tong)平臺，從(cong)充電(dian)(dian)站點(dian)、充電(dian)(dian)設施、、充電(dian)(dian)時間、充電(dian)(dian)方式等不(bu)同角度，查(cha)詢充電(dian)(dian)交易統(tong)計信息(xi)(xi)、能耗統(tong)計信息(xi)(xi)等。

4.4.6基礎數據管理

在系統平臺建立運營商戶，運營商可建立和管理其運營所需站點和充電設施，維護充電設施信息、價格策略、折扣、優惠活動，同時可管理在線卡用戶充值、凍結和解綁。

4.4.7運(yun)維APP

面向運維人員使用，可(ke)以對站點(dian)和充(chong)電樁(zhuang)進行管理、能夠進行故障(zhang)閉環處理、查詢(xun)流量(liang)卡(ka)使用情況、查詢(xun)充(chong)電\充(chong)值(zhi)情況，進行遠程參數設置(zhi)，同時可(ke)接收故障(zhang)推送。

4.4.8充電小程(cheng)序

面向充電用戶(hu)使用，可查看附近空閑設(she)備，主要(yao)包含掃(sao)碼充電、賬戶(hu)充值，充電卡綁定、交易(yi)查詢、故障申訴等功(gong)能。

4.5系統硬件配置

5結語

本文基于分時電(dian)價與短(duan)期負(fu)荷(he)預測提(ti)出了一種新型(xing)多(duo)時段動(dong)態充(chong)電(dian)價格機制，引導車主規劃用(yong)(yong)車安(an)排(pai)，使充(chong)電(dian)行(xing)為(wei)由無(wu)序變為(wei)有(you)序。建立以配電(dian)網(wang)內負(fu)荷(he)波動(dong)比較小(xiao)為(wei)目標函數，利用(yong)(yong)MATLAB軟件進行(xing)算法編程，結果(guo)表(biao)明所提(ti)出的(de)多(duo)時段動(dong)態電(dian)價策(ce)略可(ke)減(jian)小(xiao)網(wang)內的(de)負(fu)荷(he)波動(dong)，有(you)明顯的(de)削(xue)峰(feng)填谷作用(yong)(yong)，為(wei)車主減(jian)少21.17％的(de)充(chong)電(dian)成本。此(ci)外還(huan)有(you)效降低了21.00用(yong)(yong)電(dian)高(gao)峰(feng)期2.77％的(de)網(wang)損(sun)率并修正18號節點3.61％的(de)電(dian)壓(ya)偏移率，實現了保證(zheng)車主充(chong)電(dian)利益與提(ti)高(gao)配電(dian)網(wang)運行(xing)安(an)全的(de)并存。

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《安科瑞企業(ye)微電網設計與應(ying)用手冊》.2022.05版.

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