摘要：居(ju)住(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)建(jian)筑節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)降碳是減少(shao)建(jian)設領域碳排放(fang)量的關鍵環節(jie)。了(le)解我(wo)國(guo)居(ju)住(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)建(jian)筑能(neng)(neng)(neng)耗現(xian)狀，研(yan)究其節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)降碳途(tu)徑對(dui)于降低居(ju)住(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)建(jian)筑能(neng)(neng)(neng)耗水平、減少(shao)其碳排放(fang)具(ju)有(you)重要意義(yi)。本(ben)文首先分析了(le)我(wo)國(guo)居(ju)住(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)建(jian)筑能(neng)(neng)(neng)耗統計(ji)情況，然后(hou)綜述了(le)不同氣候地區居(ju)住(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)建(jian)筑能(neng)(neng)(neng)耗現(xian)狀，*后(hou)從新(xin)建(jian)居(ju)住(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)建(jian)筑節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)設計(ji)、既有(you)居(ju)住(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)建(jian)筑節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)改造和提(ti)升民眾節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)降碳意識三個(ge)方面提(ti)出了(le)居(ju)住(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)建(jian)筑節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)降碳途(tu)徑。

關鍵詞：居住建筑:能(neng)耗(hao):節能(neng)降碳:改造(zao)

0引言

全球正處于城市化快速發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)階段，經濟(ji)社(she)會的(de)(de)快速發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)和生活(huo)水平的(de)(de)不斷提高使得能(neng)源需求及能(neng)耗(hao)相關的(de)(de)碳排(pai)(pai)放日(ri)益增加，能(neng)源和環(huan)境(jing)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)矛盾日(ri)益突出。能(neng)源作(zuo)為(wei)社(she)會的(de)(de)主要(yao)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)動力，是維(wei)系日(ri)常(chang)生活(huo)的(de)(de)物質基礎，關聯著各行各業的(de)(de)可持續發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。全球建筑能(neng)耗(hao)約占(zhan)全球能(neng)耗(hao)總(zong)量的(de)(de)30%，建筑用能(neng)排(pai)(pai)放的(de)(de)CO2，占(zhan)到了全球排(pai)(pai)放總(zong)量的(de)(de)1/3叫。而根據《中國(guo)建筑能(neng)耗(hao)研究(jiu)報告(2020)》，2018年(nian)我國(guo)建筑全過程能(neng)耗(hao)總(zong)量為(wei)21.47億噸標煤，占(zhan)全國(guo)能(neng)源消費總(zong)量比重為(wei)46.5%。2018年(nian)我國(guo)建筑全過程碳排(pai)(pai)放總(zong)量為(wei)49.3億噸CO2，占(zhan)全國(guo)能(neng)源碳排(pai)(pai)放比重為(wei)51.2%，由此可見，建筑全生命周期(qi)的(de)(de)節能(neng)降碳對于“雙碳"戰略目標的(de)(de)達成有(you)著不可忽視的(de)(de)重要(yao)性。

據統計，世界各國的(de)(de)能(neng)源(yuan)消(xiao)耗(hao)有10%~35%來(lai)自居(ju)(ju)住(zhu)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)問(wen)。根據《中(zhong)國建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)能(neng)耗(hao)研(yan)究(jiu)報告(2020)》我國2018年居(ju)(ju)住(zhu)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)運(yun)行階(jie)(jie)段(duan)能(neng)源(yuan)消(xiao)耗(hao)占全國建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)運(yun)行階(jie)(jie)段(duan)能(neng)源(yuan)消(xiao)耗(hao)61.7%，居(ju)(ju)住(zhu)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)運(yun)行階(jie)(jie)段(duan)碳(tan)排(pai)(pai)放占全國建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)運(yun)行階(jie)(jie)段(duan)碳(tan)排(pai)(pai)放62.9%P。隨(sui)著經濟社會的(de)(de)不斷發展，居(ju)(ju)民收人水平(ping)日漸提高，空調、電(dian)視機(ji)、投(tou)影(ying)儀、電(dian)熱(re)水器(qi)、地暖及(ji)名(ming)式名(ming)樣的(de)(de)智能(neng)家(jia)電(dian)等電(dian)器(qi)越來(lai)越普及(ji)，導致居(ju)(ju)住(zhu)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)能(neng)源(yuan)消(xiao)耗(hao)亦快(kuai)速增(zeng)長(chang)，尤(you)其(qi)是(shi)電(dian)力消(xiao)耗(hao)叫。根據《中(zhong)國統計年鑒(jian)(2021年)》，2019年，全社會用電(dian)消(xiao)費量(liang)為74866億kWh，其(qi)中(zhong)，居(ju)(ju)民生(sheng)活用電(dian)消(xiao)費量(liang)為10637億kWh，同比增(zeng)長(chang)5.76%。由此可見，居(ju)(ju)住(zhu)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)相關(guan)領(ling)域(yu)的(de)(de)節能(neng)降碳(tan)是(shi)減(jian)少(shao)建(jian)設領(ling)域(yu)碳(tan)排(pai)(pai)放量(liang)的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵環節。

1我國居住建筑(zhu)能耗統計(ji)情況

我國民用(yong)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)統(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)工作起(qi)步較晚。為(wei)了解(jie)和(he)掌握民用(yong)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)能(neng)(neng)源消(xiao)耗(hao)情況，2007年住房和(he)城鄉建(jian)設部(bu)發布了《民用(yong)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)統(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)報表制度》(試行(xing))[建(jian)科函(2007)271號(hao)]，自此我國民用(yong)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)統(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)工作正式展開，而城鎮(zhen)居住建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)也作為(wei)能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)統(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)對象包(bao)含其(qi)中。能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)統(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)工作首先在(zai)23個城市試行(xing)，其(qi)中包(bao)括北京、石家(jia)莊、哈(ha)爾(er)濱、上(shang)海(hai)、深圳(zhen)、西(xi)安等(deng)。

累計(ji)(ji)(ji)至(zhi)2021年住(zhu)(zhu)房和(he)(he)(he)城鄉建設部(bu)一共(gong)對該統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)報(bao)表制度進行(xing)了六次(ci)修訂，同(tong)時(shi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)工作(zuo)不斷擴充細(xi)化，逐漸(jian)擴展(zhan)至(zhi)全國范圍。在(zai)多(duo)次(ci)修訂中，不斷總結(jie)經驗統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)對象(xiang)、統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)范圍、統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)內(nei)(nei)(nei)容、統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)方法(fa)(fa)等(deng)(deng)逐漸(jian)完善例如(ru)居住(zhu)(zhu)建筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)對象(xiang)*初只有城鎮居住(zhu)(zhu)建筑(zhu)(zhu)，修訂后將鄉村居住(zhu)(zhu)建筑(zhu)(zhu)也包括在(zai)內(nei)(nei)(nei);居住(zhu)(zhu)建筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)范圍由(you)*初的(de)23個城市擴展(zhan)至(zhi)106個城市;居住(zhu)(zhu)建筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)內(nei)(nei)(nei)容除能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消(xiao)耗(hao)之外增(zeng)(zeng)加了水資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)消(xiao)耗(hao)，可再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)利用方面(mian)(mian)增(zeng)(zeng)加了地熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)利用系(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)內(nei)(nei)(nei)容和(he)(he)(he)生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)調(diao)(diao)查(cha)等(deng)(deng);居住(zhu)(zhu)建筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)方法(fa)(fa)由(you)抽樣調(diao)(diao)查(cha)調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)為(wei)重(zhong)點(dian)調(diao)(diao)查(cha)。在(zai)修訂過(guo)程中，為(wei)了加強對統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)工作(zuo)的(de)管理(li)(li)，提高統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)數據(ju)的(de)質量，住(zhu)(zhu)房和(he)(he)(he)城鄉建設部(bu)于2012年9月發(fa)布(bu)了《民用建筑(zhu)(zhu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)和(he)(he)(he)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)信息統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)暫行(xing)辦(ban)法(fa)(fa)》，重(zhong)點(dian)對統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)機構和(he)(he)(he)人員職責、統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)工作(zuo)的(de)管理(li)(li)、統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)資(zi)(zi)料的(de)管理(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)發(fa)布(bu)、統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)工作(zuo)的(de)考核和(he)(he)(he)獎懲等(deng)(deng)方面(mian)(mian)做出了明確的(de)規定，以(yi)解(jie)決統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)計(ji)(ji)(ji)工作(zuo)中遇(yu)到的(de)實際(ji)問題(ti)。

雖然民用建筑能耗統計(ji)工(gong)作(zuo)已實施十多年，但統計(ji)數據的(de)質量尚無法滿足各種節能降碳工(gong)作(zuo)開(kai)展的(de)需求需要進一(yi)步提升及(ji)完善。

2我國(guo)不同氣候地區居住(zhu)建筑能耗現狀(zhuang)

我國許多學者針對(dui)不同氣候地(di)區的(de)居(ju)(ju)住(zhu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)開展了(le)能(neng)耗(hao)現(xian)狀的(de)研究。張洪(hong)恩、鄭武幸對(dui)石(shi)家莊市(寒(han)冷地(di)區)既有居(ju)(ju)住(zhu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)進行了(le)抽樣調查，通過統計397棟(dong)各時期既有住(zhu)宅樓的(de)能(neng)耗(hao)，計算(suan)得出單位面積耗(hao)標煤約28.0kgce/㎡

統計(ji)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)表明:建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造時期越(yue)早的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)住建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)單(dan)位(wei)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)越(yue)大(da):潘(pan)斗松等(deng)人(ren)針對(dui)昆明市(shi)(shi)(溫(wen)和(he)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu))主城(cheng)(cheng)五區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)住建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)開展(zhan)了(le)(le)調(diao)(diao)(diao)研(yan)(yan)工作(zuo)，通過問卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)調(diao)(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)形(xing)式共調(diao)(diao)(diao)研(yan)(yan)了(le)(le)298戶居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)，調(diao)(diao)(diao)研(yan)(yan)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)表明:該地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)住建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)單(dan)位(wei)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)標煤為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)4.67kgce/㎡，該值為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)2015年(nian)(nian)全國(guo)(guo)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)住建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)指標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)61%:黃(huang)戰等(deng)人(ren)在馬山市(shi)(shi)(夏(xia)(xia)熱冬(dong)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu))選(xuan)取了(le)(le)410棟城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)住建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)對(dui)象(xiang)通過計(ji)算得出樣(yang)(yang)本(ben)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)位(wei)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)綜合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)10.02kgce/㎡;彭(peng)娜(na)等(deng)人(ren)將西安市(shi)(shi)(寒冷(leng)(leng)(leng)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu))為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)7個區(qu)(qu)(qu)域，采取均勻(yun)分布原則(ze)，在每個區(qu)(qu)(qu)域內選(xuan)取6%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典型樓(lou)盤作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)對(dui)象(xiang)，*終確定了(le)(le)10座具有(you)(you)代(dai)表性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樣(yang)(yang)本(ben)小(xiao)(xiao)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。統計(ji)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)顯示(shi)(shi)，西安市(shi)(shi)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)住建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)單(dan)位(wei)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)綜合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)約為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)19.01kgce/㎡，略高于(yu)全國(guo)(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)住宅能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)17kgce/㎡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)均水平(ping)：泓霞以等(deng)人(ren)調(diao)(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)了(le)(le)上海(夏(xia)(xia)熱冬(dong)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu))4個典型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)住宅小(xiao)(xiao)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(共包括81棟建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，3727戶居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min))，抽(chou)取其中858戶發(fa)放了(le)(le)問卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)，共回(hui)收有(you)(you)效(xiao)問卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)446份，統計(ji)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)顯示(shi)(shi):2009-2010年(nian)(nian)間，被調(diao)(diao)(diao)研(yan)(yan)小(xiao)(xiao)區(qu)(qu)(qu)單(dan)位(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)用(yong)電31.4kWh/㎡，單(dan)位(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)12.9kgce/㎡:田(tian)國(guo)(guo)華[等(deng)人(ren)調(diao)(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)了(le)(le)徐州市(shi)(shi)(寒冷(leng)(leng)(leng)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu))區(qu)(qu)(qu)范圍內18個具有(you)(you)代(dai)表性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)既(ji)有(you)(you)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)住建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，調(diao)(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)表明，徐州市(shi)(shi)既(ji)有(you)(you)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)住建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)戶均單(dan)位(wei)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)電耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)243kWh/㎡。李曉(xiao)瑞(rui)川對(dui)深(shen)圳(zhen)市(shi)(shi)(夏(xia)(xia)熱冬(dong)暖地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu))居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)家庭(ting)進行(xing)(xing)了(le)(le)抽(chou)樣(yang)(yang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)，發(fa)放800份問卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)，收回(hui)580份有(you)(you)效(xiao)問卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)，通過對(dui)調(diao)(diao)(diao)研(yan)(yan)數據(ju)進行(xing)(xing)計(ji)算，樣(yang)(yang)本(ben)單(dan)位(wei)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)電耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)32.18kWh/㎡:雷浩等(deng)人(ren)調(diao)(diao)(diao)研(yan)(yan)了(le)(le)云南昭通市(shi)(shi)(溫(wen)和(he)地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu))的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)15個居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)住小(xiao)(xiao)區(qu)(qu)(qu)，涉(she)及不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設年(nian)(nian)代(dai)和(he)多種建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)類型，收集到有(you)(you)效(xiao)問卷(juan)(juan)(juan)(juan)527份，獲取了(le)(le)10個居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)住區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)數據(ju)，調(diao)(diao)(diao)研(yan)(yan)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)表明:建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)年(nian)(nian)代(dai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)1990-2000年(nian)(nian)、2000-2010年(nian)(nian)及2010年(nian)(nian)以后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)住建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)單(dan)位(wei)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)用(yong)電能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)分別為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)34.14kWh/㎡、30.65kWh/㎡31.90kWh/㎡何敏嫦等(deng)人(ren)以廣州市(shi)(shi)(夏(xia)(xia)熱冬(dong)暖地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)調(diao)(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)對(dui)象(xiang)，統計(ji)了(le)(le)某城(cheng)(cheng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)478棟居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)住建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(近戶居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min))2011年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)電情況，調(diao)(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)顯示(shi)(shi)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)平(ping)均電耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)45.85kWh/㎡。能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)數據(ju)是(shi)開展(zhan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)工作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎，分析節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)潛力需要以能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)數據(ju)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)依據(ju)。然而目前(qian)我國(guo)(guo)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)住建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)統計(ji)工作(zuo)還有(you)(you)待完善，且不同氣候地(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)住建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)現(xian)狀(zhuang)差異較大(da)，有(you)(you)針對(dui)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相關研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)數據(ju)較少，而只有(you)(you)詳細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)了(le)(le)解居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)住建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)信息、居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)習慣以及實際能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)數據(ju)，才(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)做出較為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)科(ke)學的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)判斷，從而提出具體可行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)措(cuo)施。

3居(ju)住建(jian)筑節能降(jiang)碳途徑

居住建(jian)筑節能(neng)降碳可以從以下幾個途徑考慮

(1)新建(jian)(jian)(jian)居住(zhu)(zhu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)設(she)計。一方(fang)面(mian)在建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑設(she)計之初按照《建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)與可再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)通(tong)(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)規范》GB55015-2021，全面(mian)執(zhi)行新建(jian)(jian)(jian)居住(zhu)(zhu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)設(she)計標(biao)準合理優化(hua)居住(zhu)(zhu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑體形(xing)系(xi)數、窗墻面(mian)積比(bi)和圍護結構熱(re)工性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，并(bing)充(chong)分利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)自(zi)然通(tong)(tong)風、天然采光、建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑遮(zhe)陽(yang)與保溫隔熱(re)措施;另一方(fang)面(mian)在建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑建(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)之時擴(kuo)大綠(lv)色(se)建(jian)(jian)(jian)材應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)類別和比(bi)例(li)，同時盡可能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)高(gao)(gao)效(xiao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)設(she)備，提高(gao)(gao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)和資(zi)源(yuan)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)效(xiao)率，并(bing)充(chong)分利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)多種類型的可再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，從(cong)而減少化(hua)石(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消(xiao)耗(hao)。

(2)既(ji)有居住(zhu)建筑節能(neng)改造(zao)。既(ji)有居住(zhu)建筑節能(neng)改造(zao)主要包括圍護結構(gou)改造(zao)和用能(neng)系(xi)統改造(zao)。

既有居住(zhu)建筑圍護(hu)結(jie)構(gou)改(gai)(gai)造(zao)主要(yao)包括(kuo)外(wai)窗、外(wai)墻和屋(wu)面改(gai)(gai)造(zao)。外(wai)窗具(ju)有采光、通風的(de)作用，是室內外(wai)熱交換的(de)主要(yao)通道(dao)。外(wai)窗節能改(gai)(gai)造(zao)有以(yi)下幾種方(fang)式(shi):一是提高外(wai)窗的(de)氣密性;二是外(wai)窗貼隔熱膜或將(jiang)原(yuan)有外(wai)窗更(geng)換為(wei)節能窗;三是合理加設(she)(she)外(wai)遮陽(yang)設(she)(she)施(shi)。目前外(wai)墻的(de)節能改(gai)(gai)造(zao)主要(yao)方(fang)式(shi)為(wei)增(zeng)設(she)(she)保溫層(ceng)。屋(wu)面的(de)改(gai)(gai)造(zao)可以(yi)選擇增(zeng)加保溫隔熱層(ceng)、布設(she)(she)太陽(yang)能吸收(shou)板、噴涂反射隔熱涂料.平屋(wu)頂(ding)改(gai)(gai)坡屋(wu)頂(ding)、增(zeng)設(she)(she)屋(wu)頂(ding)綠化等措施(shi)。

既有居住建(jian)筑(zhu)用(yong)能系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)改(gai)(gai)造主要包括照明(ming)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)、采(cai)(cai)暖(nuan)(nuan)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)和熱(re)水系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)改(gai)(gai)造。照明(ming)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)改(gai)(gai)造主要考(kao)慮(lv)節能光源以及采(cai)(cai)用(yong)智能控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。采(cai)(cai)暖(nuan)(nuan)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)改(gai)(gai)造需根據采(cai)(cai)暖(nuan)(nuan)方(fang)式(shi)具體(ti)分(fen)析，針(zhen)對集(ji)中式(shi)供暖(nuan)(nuan)的住宅(zhai)，考(kao)慮(lv)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)分(fen)戶熱(re)計(ji)量裝(zhuang)置，適(shi)量、按(an)需供熱(re)，針(zhen)對分(fen)散(san)式(shi)設備供暖(nuan)(nuan)的住宅(zhai)，考(kao)慮(lv)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)燃氣壁掛爐替代空調供暖(nuan)(nuan)。熱(re)水系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)改(gai)(gai)造優(you)先考(kao)慮(lv)太陽能熱(re)水或空氣源熱(re)泵系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)，并設置自(zi)動溫控(kong)裝(zhuang)置。

(3)提升民(min)眾節(jie)能(neng)(neng)降碳意識。充分(fen)利用“節(jie)能(neng)(neng)官傳(chuan)周"“全(quan)國低(di)碳日"等(deng)主題活動，通過(guo)“線(xian)上+線(xian)下相結合的(de)(de)(de)模式(shi)，開(kai)展節(jie)能(neng)(neng)宣傳(chuan)工(gong)作(zuo)。“線(xian)上"通過(guo)電(dian)(dian)視臺播放新聞和(he)廣告的(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)宣傳(chuan)日常生活中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)措施(shi)和(he)途徑(jing)。“線(xian)下"可以通過(guo)在(zai)住宅(zhai)小區(qu)內的(de)(de)(de)醒目(mu)位置如公告欄、電(dian)(dian)梯間等(deng)張貼(tie)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)宣傳(chuan)海報，在(zai)公共區(qu)域顯示屏(ping)上循環(huan)播放節(jie)能(neng)(neng)降碳知(zhi)識宣傳(chuan)片，倡導綠色低(di)碳的(de)(de)(de)消費理念和(he)生活方(fang)式(shi)，提升民(min)眾的(de)(de)(de)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)降碳意識。

4安(an)科瑞建筑能(neng)耗(hao)分析(xi)系統(tong)

4.1概述

Acrel-5000web建筑能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗分(fen)(fen)析(xi)系(xi)統是(shi)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)端能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源管理(li)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)系(xi)統，在電能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管理(li)系(xi)統的(de)基礎上增(zeng)加了對水、氣、煤、油、熱(冷)量等(deng)集中采(cai)集與(yu)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)，通過對用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)端所有(you)(you)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗進行細(xi)分(fen)(fen)和統計(ji)，以(yi)直觀的(de)數據和圖表向(xiang)管理(li)人員或決策(ce)層展示各類能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源的(de)使用(yong)(yong)消(xiao)耗情況(kuang)，便(bian)于找出(chu)高(gao)耗能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)點或不合理(li)的(de)耗能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)習慣，有(you)(you)效節(jie)約能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源，為用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)進一步節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)改造或設備(bei)升級(ji)提(ti)(ti)供準確的(de)數據支撐(cheng)。用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)可按照國家有(you)(you)關規(gui)定實施能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源計(ji)算，分(fen)(fen)析(xi)現狀，查找問題，挖掘節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)潛力(li)，提(ti)(ti)出(chu)切實可行的(de)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)措施，并向(xiang)縣級(ji)以(yi)上管理(li)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)工(gong)作的(de)部(bu)門(men)報送能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源計(ji)算報告。

4.2應用場所

適(shi)用(yong)于公共(gong)建(jian)筑、集團公司、工業(ye)(ye)(ye)園區、大(da)型物(wu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)、學校、醫院、企業(ye)(ye)(ye)等不同行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的能耗監測與管(guan)理(li)的系統設計、施(shi)工和運(yun)行(xing)維護。

4.3系統功能

4.3.1系統概況

平臺(tai)運行狀(zhuang)態，當月能耗折算、地圖導航(hang)，各能耗逐(zhu)時(shi)、逐(zhu)月曲線，當日，當月能耗同比分析滾動顯示。

4.3.2用能概況

對(dui)建(jian)筑、部門、區域、支路、分類分項等用(yong)能(neng)進行對(dui)比(bi)(bi)(bi)，支持當(dang)(dang)日(ri)逐時(shi)趨勢、當(dang)(dang)月逐日(ri)趨勢曲(qu)線(xian)、分時(shi)段(duan)能(neng)耗統計對(dui)比(bi)(bi)(bi)、總能(neng)耗同(tong)環(huan)比(bi)(bi)(bi)對(dui)比(bi)(bi)(bi)。

4.3.3用能統計

對建筑、區域、分(fen)項、支(zhi)路(lu)等結構按(an)日、月、年報表的形式(shi)統計對分(fen)類能源(yuan)用(yong)能進(jin)行(xing)統計，支(zhi)持報表數(shu)據(ju)導出(chu)EXCEL，支(zhi)持選(xuan)擇建筑數(shu)據(ju)進(jin)行(xing)生成柱狀圖(tu)。

4.3.4復費(fei)率統計

復費率報(bao)表按(an)日、月、年(nian)統計對單(dan)棟建筑下(xia)不(bu)同支(zhi)(zhi)路的尖、峰、平、谷用電量及成本費用進行統計分(fen)析。支(zhi)(zhi)持數據導出(chu)到EXCEL。

4.3.5同比分析

對建(jian)筑(zhu)、分項、區(qu)域、支路(lu)等用能按日、月、年以(yi)圖(tu)形(xing)和報表結(jie)合的(de)方(fang)式進行用能數據同比分析。

4.3.6能源流向圖

能源(yuan)流向(xiang)圖展(zhan)示(shi)單棟建筑時段內各類能源(yuan)從源(yuan)頭到末(mo)端的的能源(yuan)流向(xiang)，支持(chi)按原始值和折標值查看。

4.3.7夜間能耗分析

夜間(jian)能耗以表格(ge)、曲線、餅圖等形式對選擇支路分類能源(yuan)在(zai)時(shi)段(duan)工(gong)作時(shi)間(jian)與非工(gong)作時(shi)間(jian)用能統(tong)計(ji)對比，支持導出(chu)報表。

4.3.8設備管理

設備管(guan)理(li)包括，設備類型、設備臺(tai)賬、維保(bao)(bao)記錄等(deng)功能。輔助用戶合理(li)管(guan)理(li)設備，確保(bao)(bao)設備的(de)運(yun)行。

4.3.9用戶報告

用(yong)(yong)戶報告針對選定的(de)建(jian)筑自動統計各能(neng)源的(de)月使用(yong)(yong)的(de)同環比趨勢(shi)，并(bing)提(ti)供簡單(dan)的(de)能(neng)耗分(fen)析(xi)(xi)結果，針對用(yong)(yong)電提(ti)供單(dan)獨的(de)復費(fei)率(lv)用(yong)(yong)能(neng)分(fen)析(xi)(xi)，報告可(ke)編輯。

5.系統硬件配置

6結語

居(ju)(ju)住建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)降碳要(yao)因地(di)制宜，統籌兼顧。居(ju)(ju)住建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)能(neng)耗受地(di)理情況(kuang)、氣候條件、建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)形(xing)式與居(ju)(ju)民(min)生(sheng)活習(xi)慣(guan)等多方面因素影(ying)響，不管是新建(jian)(jian)居(ju)(ju)住建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)設計還(huan)是既(ji)有居(ju)(ju)住建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)改造(zao)，都(dou)要(yao)充分考慮地(di)區特(te)色，具(ju)體情況(kuang)具(ju)體分析(xi)，同時(shi)既(ji)有居(ju)(ju)住建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)改造(zao)還(huan)需要(yao)在了(le)解其能(neng)耗現狀(zhuang)的(de)基礎上，考慮改造(zao)措施(shi)的(de)技術(shu)可行(xing)性、經濟(ji)可行(xing)性以(yi)及居(ju)(ju)民(min)的(de)意愿，探(tan)索適宜的(de)居(ju)(ju)住建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)節(jie)(jie)能(neng)降碳措施(shi)。

安科瑞侯文莉