摘要：本文從電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)安(an)全(quan)監控系統(tong)(tong)應用現狀，分析電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)安(an)全(quan)事(shi)故隱(yin)患(huan)(huan)難(nan)以的(de)原因入(ru)手，導出電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)安(an)全(quan)與能效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)管(guan)(guan)理(li)理(li)念，通過探(tan)析電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)安(an)全(quan)與能效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)管(guan)(guan)理(li)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)架構、功能和應用，得出結論(lun)：電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)安(an)全(quan)與能效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)管(guan)(guan)理(li)系統(tong)(tong)能及時有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)地(di)發(fa)現和消除“孤(gu)島"管(guan)(guan)理(li)模式(shi)下存(cun)在的(de)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)安(an)全(quan)事(shi)隱(yin)患(huan)(huan)，提(ti)高(gao)工(gong)作效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率、降低(di)樓宇建筑配電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)運行維(wei)護成(cheng)本，具(ju)有(you)顯著的(de)經(jing)濟效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)益和社(she)會效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)益。

關鍵詞：電氣安全；事故隱(yin)患；智能監測；在線管理(li)

1引言

隨著建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)業的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展，配電(dian)(dian)系統在(zai)樓宇(yu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)特別是高層建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)中的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)重(zhong)也隨之加(jia)大。現代的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)功能越來(lai)越完善(shan)，變配電(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程、空調工(gong)(gong)(gong)程、機電(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程、電(dian)(dian)梯工(gong)(gong)(gong)程、消防工(gong)(gong)(gong)程等工(gong)(gong)(gong)程設(she)(she)施設(she)(she)備(bei)與建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)體相結(jie)合，敷設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)線路變得更為(wei)復雜，火(huo)災(zai)隱患明顯增多。近來(lai)來(lai)平均每年發(fa)生建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)火(huo)災(zai)事故約(yue)5萬起，在(zai)火(huo)災(zai)事中的(de)(de)(de)占比(bi)約(yue)30％，電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)全(quan)(quan)安成為(wei)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)安全(quan)(quan)管(guan)理的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)內容。

2建筑電氣安(an)全管理的(de)現狀

建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)電氣安全(quan)管理涉及(ji)面非常廣，是(shi)公(gong)共場所(suo)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)設施、多層(ceng)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)、高層(ceng)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)、工業企業廠房及(ji)古(gu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)安全(quan)管理的重要內容，以(yi)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)消防(fang)為(wei)例(li)，通過(guo)(guo)傳感器檢測監測區域的煙霧濃度、溫度等指(zhi)標，把(ba)這些指(zhi)標轉化為(wei)電信號并(bing)控(kong)制消防(fang)系統動作(zuo)，達到提(ti)高樓(lou)宇(yu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)中電氣安全(quan)性能的目的。近年來我國(guo)逐(zhu)步推廣應用火災自動報警與聯動控(kong)制系統，有(you)關資料顯示，我國(guo)已(yi)安裝的電氣安全(quan)監控(kong)系統超(chao)(chao)過(guo)(guo)100萬套，相應投(tou)入超(chao)(chao)過(guo)(guo)千億元，但總體效(xiao)果還沒有(you)達到理想(xiang)要求，究其原(yuan)因主要在以(yi)下三個(ge)方面。

2.1大(da)量電(dian)氣安全(quan)隱患在電(dian)氣安全(quan)孤島化(hua)管理模式下難以

我們知道(dao)樓宇電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全涉及電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)、運(yun)行(xing)維(wei)護、管(guan)理(li)部門(men)(men)和電(dian)(dian)力(li)用戶等(deng)環(huan)節(jie)，其中運(yun)行(xing)維(wei)護是(shi)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)節(jie)。目前運(yun)行(xing)維(wei)護人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)多(duo)(duo)為臨時工(gong)(gong)，人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)變(bian)動較為頻繁，在電(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)能、技(ji)術(shu)手(shou)段(duan)和工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)責任心等(deng)方(fang)面難以與電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求還有一(yi)定差距，經常(chang)出(chu)現(xian)老的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全隱(yin)(yin)患(huan)還沒發(fa)現(xian)、新的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全隱(yin)(yin)患(huan)又(you)進一(yi)步形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象。而電(dian)(dian)力(li)管(guan)理(li)部門(men)(men)掌握電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)運(yun)行(xing)與安(an)(an)(an)(an)全信息的(de)(de)(de)來(lai)源主(zhu)要(yao)靠電(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)，電(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)如(ru)不匯報，管(guan)理(li)人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)很難發(fa)現(xian)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全隱(yin)(yin)患(huan)，電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全隱(yin)(yin)患(huan)沉積增多(duo)(duo)，形(xing)成(cheng)了運(yun)行(xing)維(wei)護環(huan)節(jie)“孤島化(hua)"模(mo)(mo)式(shi)。研究人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)分析(xi)發(fa)現(xian)“孤島化(hua)"管(guan)理(li)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全隱(yin)(yin)患(huan)得以存續的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)原因。

2.2缺乏(fa)與(yu)樓宇建(jian)筑低壓(ya)配電系(xi)統電氣安全管(guan)理相匹配的管(guan)理機制

近年，中國(guo)消費(fei)者協會(hui)、中國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行業(ye)協會(hui)和國(guo)家標準化委員會(hui)等(deng)門(men)部聯合對20多個城市(shi)開展居民(min)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)環境調查，存在用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)安(an)(an)全(quan)隱(yin)患的(de)(de)用戶占(zhan)比高達75.9％。通過(guo)分(fen)析樓(lou)(lou)宇(yu)(yu)建筑(zhu)低(di)(di)(di)壓配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣安(an)(an)全(quan)管理(li)的(de)(de)機制(zhi)，發現：我(wo)國(guo)樓(lou)(lou)宇(yu)(yu)建筑(zhu)低(di)(di)(di)壓配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)由(you)沒有技術能力的(de)(de)業(ye)主(zhu)敷設并管理(li)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力部門(men)基本不(bu)涉足；消防部門(men)主(zhu)要是對樓(lou)(lou)宇(yu)(yu)建筑(zhu)工(gong)程(cheng)項目完工(gong)后做消防檢收，面樓(lou)(lou)宇(yu)(yu)低(di)(di)(di)壓配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)特別是居民(min)戶內配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)，屬于(yu)在消防檢收完結后業(ye)主(zhu)開展的(de)(de)裝修工(gong)程(cheng)；業(ye)主(zhu)在進得裝修時又因(yin)專業(ye)、技術知識(shi)(shi)及安(an)(an)全(quan)意(yi)識(shi)(shi)不(bu)足，難以做到樓(lou)(lou)宇(yu)(yu)低(di)(di)(di)壓配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣系統(tong)的(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)管理(li)。三方面的(de)(de)原因(yin)造成了樓(lou)(lou)宇(yu)(yu)建筑(zhu)低(di)(di)(di)壓配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)的(de)(de)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)安(an)(an)全(quan)問題實際上處(chu)于(yu)“三不(bu)管"狀態。

2.3現有的監(jian)測手段、技術措施與管理(li)系統(tong)陳(chen)舊落后(hou)

監測(ce)手段：如(ru)僅(jin)檢測(ce)溫(wen)度或漏電流，預測(ce)電氣安全隱(yin)患(huan)(huan)的效(xiao)果較差，對于線(xian)路老化、接觸不良等電氣安全隱(yin)患(huan)(huan)難以預測(ce)。技術措施：例如(ru)技術參數的門限值存在(zai)人為調(diao)高(gao)門限值現象，監測(ce)系統形同虛(xu)設(she)；又如(ru)報(bao)警(jing)信息不直觀，不便(bian)于管(guan)(guan)理人員及(ji)時(shi)掌握存在(zai)的電氣安全隱(yin)患(huan)(huan)，提早處置；管(guan)(guan)理系統：很多樓宇電氣安全報(bao)警(jing)裝置沒有(you)與(yu)自動報(bao)警(jing)與(yu)聯動控制系統對接并集中管(guan)(guan)理。

3電氣(qi)安全(quan)與能(neng)效管理

3.1樓宇建筑電氣安全(quan)與能效管(guan)理理念

面(mian)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)事(shi)(shi)故頻發的形(xing)勢，研究人(ren)員(yuan)在(zai)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)事(shi)(shi)故的成(cheng)因進(jin)行深入研究的基礎上(shang)，于近年(nian)推出提出建(jian)(jian)立“LZ電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)"（電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)與(yu)能效管(guan)理系(xi)(xi)統(tong)）。這(zhe)(zhe)是一(yi)種將建(jian)(jian)筑樓群（包括樓宇建(jian)(jian)筑、工業廠房(fang)、倉儲(chu)設施(shi)、公共站點等）內的低電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓配電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)與(yu)、運行維護、管(guan)理部門融合(he)為(wei)有機聯系(xi)(xi)的整(zheng)體，形(xing)成(cheng)實(shi)時督導(dao)、監測、預(yu)警和(he)綜合(he)評價的電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)與(yu)能效管(guan)理相(xiang)結合(he)的全(quan)(quan)(quan)新管(guan)理模式。這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)管(guan)理模式在(zai)運行維護和(he)管(guan)理人(ren)員(yuan)與(yu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)之間建(jian)(jian)立一(yi)個(ge)直接的信息通道(dao)，便于挖掘電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)隱患，降低電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)事(shi)(shi)故的發生。

3.2樓宇(yu)建筑電氣(qi)安全與(yu)能效(xiao)管(guan)理系統的(de)架構

電氣安(an)(an)全與能效管理系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)包括(kuo)(kuo)監(jian)控中(zhong)(zhong)心、子系(xi)統(tong)(tong)、網(wang)絡和監(jian)控終(zhong)端等。以 LZ 電氣安(an)(an)全集中(zhong)(zhong)監(jian)控與管理平臺(tai)為核心建立監(jian)控中(zhong)(zhong)心；在各樓宇建筑配置子系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，進行多方位監(jian)測(ce)與管理。子系(xi)統(tong)(tong)監(jian)測(ce)的(de)內(nei)容包括(kuo)(kuo)：是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否有漏(lou)電流、是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否有短路、電壓高低、是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否過(guo)(guo)流、是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否過(guo)(guo)載、是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否缺相、線路是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)否老化等等。子系(xi)統(tong)(tong)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)互聯網(wang)與監(jian)控中(zhong)(zhong)心聯結，管理人(ren)員(yuan)和運行維護人(ren)員(yuan)可通(tong)過(guo)(guo)電腦(nao)、手機等終(zhong)端設備進行全過(guo)(guo)程多方位實時監(jian)測(ce)。

3.3樓宇建筑電(dian)氣安全(quan)與能效(xiao)管理系(xi)統(tong)的功(gong)能

樓宇建筑(zhu)電氣安全與能(neng)效管(guan)理系統能(neng)實現提前發(fa)現、綜合分(fen)析、逐級預警、在線(xian)管(guan)理等功能(neng)。

(1)提前發現

該系統(tong)(tong)(tong)通過(guo)全過(guo)程多方位(wei)實時地采(cai)集建筑樓宇配電系統(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)電氣(qi)(qi)技術參數，監測電氣(qi)(qi)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)突發(fa)事(shi)件，分析配電系統(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)線路和設備的(de)安(an)全狀(zhuang)況(kuang)，實現(xian)對短(duan)路、漏(lou)電、過(guo)壓(ya)、過(guo)流等技術指標以(yi)及(ji)線路老化、亂(luan)拉亂(luan)接等電氣(qi)(qi)安(an)全隱(yin)患的(de)提(ti)前發(fa)現(xian)。

1. 綜合分析

LZ電氣(qi)安(an)(an)全(quan)集中監(jian)控與管理平臺通過對系統(tong)中的(de)電氣(qi)線路、設備及房間(jian)、樓層、樓棟的(de)電氣(qi)安(an)(an)全(quan)狀況進行逐級分析，提示相(xiang)關人員對電氣(qi)安(an)(an)全(quan)事故隱(yin)(yin)患及時地處置，以便(bian)將安(an)(an)全(quan)事故隱(yin)(yin)患消滅在萌(meng)芽狀態(tai)。

(3)逐級預警

將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)安全分析的中的紅(hong)色預警信息以短信方式(shi)實時地向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)運行(xing)維護(hu)人(ren)員推送，電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)運行(xing)維護(hu)人(ren)員收到預警信息后，在(zai)限定時段內(nei)處置(zhi)并反饋處置(zhi)結(jie)果，否(fou)則系統將(jiang)進行(xing)二次警示。

(4)在線管理

管(guan)(guan)理(li)人員(yuan)和(he)運行(xing)維護人員(yuan)在終(zhong)端設(she)備上查(cha)詢、操作(zuo)、管(guan)(guan)理(li)，既(ji)提高了(le)運行(xing)維護效率(lv)，又降低(di)了(le)勞動強(qiang)度和(he)管(guan)(guan)理(li)成本(ben)。

3.4樓宇建筑電(dian)氣安全與能效管理系統的(de)應用

樓宇(yu)(yu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)與能效管(guan)(guan)理系(xi)(xi)統突(tu)破了現有用電(dian)(dian)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)管(guan)(guan)理和用電(dian)(dian)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)設(she)備管(guan)(guan)理模式，可有效改善(shan)樓宇(yu)(yu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑的電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)狀況，降低了電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)事(shi)故率和運行維護成(cheng)本，提高了運維效率。近 10年來(lai)，樓宇(yu)(yu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)與能效管(guan)(guan)理系(xi)(xi)統應用于長沙(sha)市(shi)、懷(huai)化市(shi)、衡陽市(shi)等(deng)市(shi)的煙草分公司所屬(shu)的21棟建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑樓宇(yu)(yu)及長沙(sha)、株洲、駐馬店(dian)等(deng)地的移動分公司所屬(shu)的13棟建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑樓宇(yu)(yu)，共(gong)設(she)置 1000多個監(jian)測(ce)點(dian)，共(gong)捕獲并排除電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)事(shi)故隱患253起。這些(xie)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)事(shi)故隱患包括過(guo)載、缺(que)相、漏電(dian)(dian)、三相不(bu)平衡、跨接配電(dian)(dian)線路、零線地線混(hun)肴(yao)、線路老化、接觸不(bu)良。

4平臺介紹

AcrelEMS企業微電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)系統通過在源、網(wang)(wang)(wang)、荷(he)、儲、充的各個關鍵節點(dian)安裝監測、分析、保護、治理裝置，通過高性(xing)能邊緣計(ji)算網(wang)(wang)(wang)關采(cai)集數據(ju)并(bing)上傳至企業微網(wang)(wang)(wang)平臺(tai)。平臺(tai)根據(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)價格、用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)負荷(he)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)調(diao)度指令(ling)等情況，調(diao)整(zheng)各系統控制策略并(bing)遠(yuan)程下發，使企業微電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)始終合(he)理穩定運行，降低企業用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)成本，實現能源互聯、信息互動。

4.1業務邏輯圖

4.2平臺架構

4.3組網結構

4.4平臺功能

4.5主要功能

4.5.1電力監控

實現(xian)電力(li)系統的(de)五遙功能，根據現(xian)場情況進行(xing)頁面組(zu)態繪制配電一次圖監視(shi)，能實現(xian)曲(qu)線趨(qu)勢分(fen)析，對(dui)電力(li)參(can)(can)數(shu)進行(xing)集抄，查看綜保SOE事(shi)件，查看故障錄波，對(dui)電力(li)參(can)(can)數(shu)進行(xing)平均值統計，對(dui)主要(yao)設備進行(xing)監測(ce)如(ru)：直(zhi)流屏(ping)、發電機(ji)、變壓器(qi)等。

4.5.2電能管理

提供用電(dian)(dian)集抄，用電(dian)(dian)統(tong)計(ji)，分時(shi)段(duan)用電(dian)(dian)統(tong)計(ji)，用電(dian)(dian)同環比分析，分組用電(dian)(dian)統(tong)計(ji)等功能(neng)。

4.5.3電能質量

提供電能質量的穩態(tai)監測，諧波(bo)頻譜圖分(fen)析(xi)，曲線分(fen)析(xi)，SOE事件，ITIC、SEMI容忍度曲線分(fen)析(xi)、故障錄波(bo)等功能。

4.5.4能耗分析

提供(gong)支路能(neng)(neng)(neng)耗統計，分組能(neng)(neng)(neng)耗統計，能(neng)(neng)(neng)耗折標統計，能(neng)(neng)(neng)耗同環(huan)比分析，能(neng)(neng)(neng)源流向圖等功能(neng)(neng)(neng)。

4.5.5分布式光伏

提供光伏電(dian)站運行(xing)監(jian)視(shi)(shi)，逆變器運行(xing)監(jian)視(shi)(shi)，電(dian)站發電(dian)統(tong)計(ji)，逆變器發電(dian)統(tong)計(ji)，光伏電(dian)站配電(dian)監(jian)測，逆變器曲線分析等功能。

4.5.6檔案、運維

提供設備定義，設備檔案管理，設備保養報表，設備二維碼維護等功能。提供任務管理，巡檢記錄，缺陷記錄，消警記錄，搶修記錄，通知工單等功能。

4.6硬件選型

5結語

樓宇建筑(zhu)電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)與(yu)能(neng)(neng)效管(guan)理系統(tong)(tong)(tong)與(yu)傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)監(jian)控系統(tong)(tong)(tong)截(jie)然不同，是一種基(ji)于泛終(zhong)端(duan)的(de)具有(you)互聯(lian)網功能(neng)(neng)的(de)排除電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)事故隱(yin)患的(de)技術(shu)方(fang)案，是管(guan)理創新(xin)與(yu)現(xian)代信(xin)息技術(shu)融(rong)合的(de)全(quan)新(xin)概念(nian)，能(neng)(neng)實現(xian)電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)監(jian)測、控制、運行維(wei)護的(de)全(quan)過程、自動化、一體化管(guan)理，能(neng)(neng)克服傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)監(jian)控系統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)缺陷，及時有(you)效地發現(xian)和消除“孤島"管(guan)理模式下存在的(de)電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)事隱(yin)患，提高工(gong)作(zuo)效率、降低樓宇建筑(zhu)配電(dian)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)運行維(wei)護成本，具有(you)顯著的(de)經濟效益和社會(hui)效益。

安科瑞侯文莉